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organisation Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

how is a sperm cell specialised

A
  • have many mitochondria to provided energy for their journey
  • tail to propel sperm to fertilise egg
  • acrosome that contains enzymes to penetrate outer layer of egg
  • a nucleus containing one set of genetic material
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2
Q

how is phloem specialised

A
  • end walls of cell allow sugars through but support tube
  • cells arranged end to end in tubes
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3
Q

what’s an enzyme

A

biological catalyst - they speed up chemical reactions in living organisms

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4
Q

what are enzymes properties

A
  • all large properties
  • have a active site
  • each enzyme catalysed a specific reaction
  • work best at a specific temp and pH called their optimum
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5
Q

why does a enzyme denature and what does that mean

A

due to high temp and extremes of pH it means the substrate can no longer fit into the enzymes active site so can’t break down food

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6
Q

where are amylase made and what do they break down

A

salivary glands and pancreas break down starch -> maltose

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7
Q

where are protease made and what do they break down

A

made in stomach, pancreas and small intestine
break down protein’s into amino acids

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8
Q

where are lipase made and what do they break down

A

produce in pancreas and small intestine break down fats in to glycerol

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9
Q

what does bile do

A

produce in liver
neutralised HCL acid from stomach emulsifies fat to form small droplets increasing surface area for enzymes to act on

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10
Q

what does plasma transport

A

various chemical substance around body such as products of digestion antibodies urea and co2

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11
Q

properties of red blood cells

A

-contain haemoglobin which binds to oxygen to transport it to the lungs and body
- don’t contain nuclear so more room for haemoglobin
- very small so can fit through tiny capillaries
- shaped like bioconcave discs giving them large surface area

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12
Q

properties of white blood cells

A
  • help protect body against infection
  • can change shape so can squeeze out of blood vessels into the tissue or surround antigens
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13
Q

what do platelets do

A

fragment of cells which collect at wounds and clot

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14
Q

properties of arteries

A
  • take blood away from heart to body
  • thick walls made of elastic and muscle fibres to resist high pressure of blood
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15
Q

properties of veins

A
  • take blood from
    the organs back to the heart
  • thinner walls and valves to prevent back low as pressure is lower
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16
Q

properties of capillaries

A
  • join ateries to veined
  • narrow vessels with walls that are one cell thick to help which gaseous exchange
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17
Q

what’s are double circulatory system

A
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18
Q

definition of double circulatory system

A

blood is pumped to the lungs by
right side of the heart
and
blood is pumped to the body by the left side of the heart

19
Q

route of blood around the heart

A

Blood comes into the right atrium from the body,
moves into the right ventricle and is pushed into the pulmonary arteries in the lungs.
After picking up oxygen, the blood travels back to the heart through the pulmonary veins
into the left atrium, to the left ventricle and out to the body’s through the aorta

20
Q

what do valves do

A

stop back flow and make sure blood flows in the right direction

21
Q

what acts as a pacemaker

A

a group of cell located in the right atrium that control the natural resting heart rate

22
Q

what are the advantages and disadvantages of a mechanical valve

A

• longer lasting or more durable
•less likely to need replacing (within 6 years
• blood clots (on the brain) are more likely (after surgery)
• patient has to take anti-clotting medication (for the rest of their
lives)
• if medication not taken (correctly), clots can lead to blood clots
on brain / heart attack
• medication can lead to excessive bleeding (after injury)
• survival rate at 5 years is slightly higher for mechanical valve
• lower percentage of deaths due to heart-related problems
• readily available
• little waiting time

23
Q

what are advantages and disadvantages of a biological valve

A

• no additional medication required
• ethical issues surrounding use of animal tissue
• valve may harden
• more likely to need further operation or another new valve
• more likely to be rejected
• more likely to need (immuno-suppressant) medication
• readily available
• little wait time

24
Q

how are alveoli adapted to carry out gaseous exchange

A
  • large moist surface area
  • rich in blood supply
  • very close to capillaries
  • one cell thick
25
Q

Describe how the small intestine is adapted for efficient absorption

A

capillaries are thin
one cell thick for shorter diffusion distance
(small intestine is) very long, increasing time (for absorption)
good / efficient blood supply to maintain concentration gradient
cells have many mitochondria for (aerobic) respiration for active transport
or
cells have many mitochondria for energy release for
villi provide a large surface area

26
Q

what is coronary heart disease and how is it treated

A

later of fatty material build up inside conorary ateries
treatments include stents to keep artery open and statin to reduce blood cholesterol

27
Q

what are the two types of tumours

A

benign - do not spread and are usually contained in a membrane
malignant - do spread to part of the body to form secondary tumours

28
Q

properties of phloem

A
  • transport glucose + amino acids around plant
  • living tissue
  • elongated cells with pores between
  • substance travel both ways
  • cells have cytoplasm
29
Q

what are the 4 organs on a plant

A

root
stem
flowers
leaves

30
Q

how do u calculate the number of stomata on a leaf

A

1/area x mean of stomata

31
Q

what are the 4 steps of transpiration

A

1- guard cells flaccid stomata close
2- sunlight causes potassium ions to move into guard cells
3- guard cells concentrated , outside is dilute so water moves in
4- guard cells now turgid stomata open

32
Q

what 3 factors increase
transportation

A

high temp - diffuse faster
windy ( move water so steeper conc gradient)
low humidity (diffuse faster)
sun ( stomata open)

33
Q

what are lipids made from

A

glycogen formed with 3 fatty acids

34
Q

what are the properties of xylem

A
  • dead tissue
  • transport water + minerals around plant
  • substance only travel 1 way
  • no cytoplasm
  • hollow cells
35
Q

what’s the spongy mesophyll tissue

A

air space so gases can diffuse into and out the leaf

36
Q

whats the function of the epidermal tissue

A

transparent cell that protects leaf

37
Q

what 3 types of defences do plants have

A

physical
mechanical
chemical

38
Q

what’s the function of the palisade tissue

A

to absorbs light used for photosynthesis

39
Q

where are digestive enzymes produced

A

in lining of gut produced by specialised cells in the glands

40
Q

what’s transpiration

A

where water evaporates threw the leaves g

41
Q

what’s translocation

A

Translocation is the movement of sugar produced in photosynthesis to all other parts of the plant for respiration

42
Q

what does heamoglobin do

A

binds to oxygen to transport it from lungs to tissues and cells

43
Q

what are the 2 types of tumours

A

benign - doenst spread contains membrane
malignant - spread in blood to different parts of the body to turn into secondary tumours

biology (4 decks)

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