infection and respon Flashcards
how do vaccines work
contain dead / inactive pathogen
white blood cells make antibodies and kill pathogen
memory cells remember the shape of antibodies
if pathogen re-enters antibodies are made quicker and in larger quantities
what’s hiv
virus
spread by sex or bodily fluid
flu like symptoms
treated with drugs
prevented with anti rectivoval or condoms
what’s measles
virus
spread by droplet in the air
symptoms - red skinn rash
prevented with vaccines / isolation
what’s malaria
protist
spread by Mosquitos
recovery episodes of fever
shaking headaches sweating , vomiting
- medicine
- nets
- dealiny with vectors
what’s tobacco mosaic virus
- Virus
Spread by vectors / direct
Contact - damages leaves - reduces photosynthesis
- Pest control
- isolate plants
what’s a pathogen and what’s it’s life cycle
microorganisms that causes disease
infects host - reproduces - replicates - spreads from host to other organisms
how do tears protect the body from pathogens
produce anti microbial chemicals what kill the pathogen
how does the nose prevent pathogens entering the body
hairs trap pathogens
mucus traps pathogens
how does the stomach defend against pathogens
chemical barrier
HCL kills pathogens
what does pre clinical testing check for / do
checks for toxicity and side effects
tested on animals
what’s does the first part of clinical testing check for / do
- done on healthy volunteers given a low dose
test for
toxicity
safety
side effects
what does the second stage of clinical testing do / check for
blind drug testing
given to patients with disease
half give a placebo
test for efficacy and toxicity
allows doctor to determine does without bias
what are the 3 types of drugs
what are they used for
how was it made
penicillin - antibiotic - fungi
aspirin - painkiller- willow bark
digitalis - heart medication - fox glove
how are monclonal antibodies made
animal injected with antigen
lymphocytes make antibodies
lymphocyte removed from spleen
lymphocytes join with tumour cells form a hybridoma
hybridoma rapidly produces antibodies and then antibodies are purified
Advantages and disadvantages to monoclonal antibodies
adv - quick to make - targets specific pathogens - many uses
dis - expensive - ethical - harmful side effects
