infection and respon Flashcards
how do vaccines work
contain dead / inactive pathogen
white blood cells make antibodies and kill pathogen
memory cells remember the shape of antibodies
if pathogen re-enters antibodies are made quicker and in larger quantities
what’s hiv
virus
spread by sex or bodily fluid
flu like symptoms
treated with drugs
prevented with anti rectivoval or condoms
what’s measles
virus
spread by droplet in the air
symptoms - red skinn rash
prevented with vaccines / isolation
what’s malaria
protist
spread by Mosquitos
recovery episodes of fever
shaking headaches sweating , vomiting
- medicine
- nets
- dealiny with vectors
what’s tobacco mosaic virus
- Virus
Spread by vectors / direct
Contact - damages leaves - reduces photosynthesis
- Pest control
- isolate plants
what’s a pathogen and what’s it’s life cycle
microorganisms that causes disease
infects host - reproduces - replicates - spreads from host to other organisms
how do tears protect the body from pathogens
produce anti microbial chemicals what kill the pathogen
how does the nose prevent pathogens entering the body
hairs trap pathogens
mucus traps pathogens
how does the stomach defend against pathogens
chemical barrier
HCL kills pathogens
what does pre clinical testing check for / do
checks for toxicity and side effects
tested on animals
what’s does the first part of clinical testing check for / do
- done on healthy volunteers given a low dose
test for
toxicity
safety
side effects
what does the second stage of clinical testing do / check for
blind drug testing
given to patients with disease
half give a placebo
test for efficacy and toxicity
allows doctor to determine does without bias
what are the 3 types of drugs
what are they used for
how was it made
penicillin - antibiotic - fungi
aspirin - painkiller- willow bark
digitalis - heart medication - fox glove
how are monclonal antibodies made
animal injected with antigen
lymphocytes make antibodies
lymphocyte removed from spleen
lymphocytes join with tumour cells form a hybridoma
hybridoma rapidly produces antibodies and then antibodies are purified
Advantages and disadvantages to monoclonal antibodies
adv - quick to make - targets specific pathogens - many uses
dis - expensive - ethical - harmful side effects
how’s does the trachea and bronchi defend the body against pathogens
- secretes mucus to trap pathogens
- lined with cilia
- wafts mucus to back of the throat to be swallowed
- cillia traps pathogens
what’s rose black spot
fungi
Spread by wind/ water
Purple black spots reduce photosynthesis
Chemical fungicide
destroying effected leaves
what’s ghonnorea
- bacteria
- Unprotected Sex
- yellow discharge
- pain when peeing
- antibiotics
- Use Protection
what’s salmonella
- bacteria
- Spread via uncooked food
- fever vomiting diaherea abdominal cramps
- puttery vacinated
how do lymphocytes kill pathogens
produce antibodies
how does the skin defend the body from pathogens
very thick
physical barrier
antimivrobila chemicals kill pathogen
platelets clot to restore barrier
what do phagocytes do
move towards pathogen then engulf and digest it
what insect attack the plants phloem
aphids
how would someone identify a disease on a plant
- gardening manual
- take infected plants to laboratory
- using testing kits
