Organisation Flashcards
What are cells for organisms?
Cells are basic building blocks of all living organisms
What is a tissue?
A tissue is a group of cells with similar structure and function
What are organs
Organs are made up of tissues working together to do a specific functions. They are organizing in an organ system which work together to form organisms.
What is the digestive system
The digestive system is an example of an organ system in which several organs work together to digest and absorb food.
Enzymes catalyze specific reactions in the living organism due to the…
shape of the active site
Living things produce enzymes that act as …
A biological catalyst
What’s the use of enzymes
Enzymes make the chemical reactions work
Enzymes reduce the need for a high temperature and speed up the useful chemical reactions in the body
What is catalyst
A catalyst is a substance which increases the speed of reaction without being changed or used up in the reaction
What happens if the substrate doesn’t match the enzymes active site
The reaction won’t be catalyzed (The speed of reaction will not increase)
Explain the enzyme action using the lock and key theory
The active site changes shape as the substrate binds into it to get a tighter fit (Induced fit) then the enzyme produces products. (the enzyme is unchanged after the reaction)
How do you calculate the rate of reaction
1000/time = rate
What are the principles of organization
Cell > Tissue > organ > Organ system > Organism
Cells are the basic building blocks of all living things
A group of cells with similar structures and functions is called a tissue
An organ is a combination of tissues carrying out a specific function (ex. Heart)
Organs work together with an organ system
Organ systems work together to form whole living organisms
What’s the purpose of a digestive system 
The digestive system is to break down large food molecules into smaller soluble molecules which are then become products absorbed into the bloodstream. The rate of these reactions are increased by enzymes. 
What kind of tissue does the stomach contain
Muscle tissues and glandular tissue which releases enzymes
 (Enzymes = protein molecules that increase the rate of reaction)
Food contains three main nutrients: what are they
Carbohydrates - starch
Proteins and lipids - fats
Carbohydrates, proteins and lipids are large molecules that have to be digested. Why?
All of these molecules are too large to be absorbed into the bloodstream so they have to be digested
What happens during digestion
Large molecules are broken down into small soluble molecules by enzymes. The small molecules can then be absorbed into the bloodstream.
Explain the process of digesting
First food is chewed in the mouth.
Enzymes in the saliva begin to digest the starch into smaller sugar molecules.
The food then passes down the esophagus into the stomach.
In the stomach enzymes begin the digestion of proteins.
The stomach contains hydrochloric acid which helps the enzymes to digest proteins.
The food spends several hours in the stomach
The churning action of the stomach muscles turns the food into a fluid increasing the surface area for enzymes to digest.
The fluid then passes through the small intestine and chemicals are released into the small intestine from the liver and pancreas.
The pancreas releases enzymes which continue the digestion of starch and protein. They also start the digestion of lipids.
The liver releases bile which helps to speed up the digestion of lipids.
Bile also neutralizes the acid released from the stomach.
The walls of the small intestine release enzymes to continue the digestion of proteins and lipids.
The small food molecules produced by digestion are absorbed into the bloodstream either by the diffusion or active transport.
Now the fluid makes its way through the large intestine where the water is absorbed into the bloodstream.
Lastly the FECES is released from the body.
What are the products of digestion used for
To build a new carbohydrates, lipids and proteins by the body
What is some of the glucose used for
Respiration
What do carbohydrates break down into
Simple sugars
What does Amylase (a carbohydrate) breakdown
Starch
What do protease breakdown into
They break down proteins to amino acids
What do lipases breaking down
They break down lipids (fats) to glycerol and fatty acids
What do enzymes do
Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions (speed up)
What are enzymes
Enzymes are large protein molecules and they have a groove on the surface called active site.
They are large proteins that are made up of chains of amino acids.
What does the active site do
The active site is where the substrate attaches to it to break down and produce products 
Proteins are broken down by enzymes what are they called
Proteases
What are proteins
Proteins are long chains of chemicals called amino acids 
When we digest proteins what happens
The protease enzymes convert the protein back to the individual amino acids which are then absorbed into the bloodstream.
When the amino acids are absorbed by the body cells they are joined together in a different order to make human proteins
What does starch consist of
Starch consist of a chain of glucose molecules
Carbohydrates are broken down by enzymes. What is this called
Carbohydrases. In the case of starch this is called amylase.
When carbohydrates like starch are digested. what do we produce?
Simple sugars
Where is amylase found
In the saliva and pancreatic fluid
A lipid molecule consists of what
A molecule of glycerol attached to 3 molecules of fatty acids
What are lipid molecules digested by
Enzyme lipase.
What does enzyme lipase produced
Glycerol and fatty acids
Where can you find lipase
The pancreatic fluid and small intestine
Where is bile made and stored
Bile is made in the liver and stored in the gall bladder
What does bile do
Speed up the digestion of lipids. (Bile is NOT an enzyme)
Bile converts large lipid droplets into
Smaller droplets
Bile is an alkaline. what does it help with?
Neutralizing the hydrochloric acid from the stomach.
It also emulsifies fat to form small droplets which increase the surface area.
The alkaline conditions and large surface area increases the rate of what
Fat (lipid) breakdown by lipase
As we increase the temperature what happens to the activity of the enzyme
The activity of the enzyme increases (The reaction gets faster)