Infection And Response Flashcards
What are pathogens
Pathogens are microorganisms
What do microorganisms (pathogens) cause 
They cause infections diseases.
What can pathogens be
Viruses
Bacteria
Protests
Fungi
Pathogens can infect? And how can they be spread?
Plant or animals and can be spread by direct contact by water or by air
Do bacterias and viruses reproduce slowly or rapidly in the body
They reproduce rapidly inside the body
What does bacteria produce
Poisons toxins
What do the poisons toxins do (bacteria)
Damage tissues and make animals feel ill
Viruses live and reproduce inside cell this causes?
Cell damage
What are the symptoms of measles
Fever and a red skin rash
What are measles
They are a viral disease
What does HIV cause
A flu-like illness where the virus attacks the immune cells
How can you control HIV
Antiretroviral 
What is tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)
It is a widespread plant pathogen affecting many species of plants including tomatoes
What is Salmonella
Salmonella is a food poisoning that is spread by bacteria ingested in food or on food prepared in unhygienic conditions
What is gonorrhea (STD)
Gonorrhea is a sexually-transmitted disease with symptoms of a thick yellow or green discharge from the vagina or penis and pain on urinating.
What is gonorrhea caused by
It is caused by a bacterium
How can you treat gonorrhea
Gonorrhea can be easily treated with antibiotic penicillin then until many resistant strains appeared
Now the spread can be controlled by treatment with antibiotics or the use of a barrier (eg. Condom)
How can gonorrhea be spread
Gonorrhea is spread by sexual contact
What is rose black spot
Rose black spot is a fungal disease where purple or black spots develop on leaves, which often turn yellow and drop early
How does Rose black Spot affect plants
It affects the growth of plants as photosynthesis is reduced
Name three viral diseases
Measles
HIV
TMV (tobacco mosaic virus)
Name 2 bacterial diseases
Gonorrhea and salmonella
Name a fungal disease
Rose black spot 
Name a protist disease
Malaria
The pathogens that cause malaria are called
Protists
The malaria protests have a cycle that includes?
Mosquitoes
What does malaria cause
It causes fever
How can you avoid the spread of malaria
Preventing the vectors, mosquitoes from breeding and using mosquito nets to avoid being bitten
Name the symptoms of salmonella
Fever
cramps
vomiting
diarrhea
Name five defense systems of the human body against pathogens 
Skin (Acts as a barrier to pathogens)
nose (Contains hairs and mucus to trap particles that could contain pathogens)
bronchi and Trachea (mucus to trap pathogens)
stomach (Contains hydrochloric acid)
How is HIV spread
HIV is spread by sexual contact or exchange of body fluids such as blood which occurs when drug users share needles
Explain how the spread of diseases can be reduced or prevented
Being hygienic (eg. Washing your hands)
destroying vectors (Insects can be killed using insecticides or destroying their habitat)
isolating infected individuals (Prevents being passed on to anyone else)
vaccinations (Can’t develop infections to pass on (Communicable diseases))
What is the role of the immune system and the defense against diseases
Consuming them
producing antibodies
producing anti-toxins
If a pathogen enters the body what does the immune system do
The immune system tries to destroy pathogens
What is phagocytosis 
It is when white blood cells can engulf foreign cells and digest them
what do vaccinations involve
They involve introducing small quantities of dead or in active forms of pathogens to the body to simulate the white blood cells to produce antibodies
How do vaccinations help prevent the spread of pathogens
If the same path of pathogens re-enters the body the white blood cells responds quickly to produce the correct antibodies preventing infections
Painkillers and other medicines are used to treat symptoms of
Diseases but do not kill pathogens (Viruses, bacteria, protists, fungi)
What do drugs that kill viruses damage
Body tissues (It is difficult to develop drugs that to viruses without also damaging the body tissues)
New medical drugs have to be tested and chills before being used why?
To check that they are safe and effective 
New drugs are extensively tested for what
toxicity
efficiency
dose
