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Biology GCSE AQA > Cell Biology > Flashcards

Cell Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are animal and plant cells?

A

Eukaryotic cells

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2
Q

What’s the purpose of a cell membrane?

A

It is a protective barr around the outside of the cell. It controls which substances can pass in and out of the cell.

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3
Q

What is the purpose of the nucleus

A

It contains genetic material/DNA of the cell, and so controls what the cell does

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4
Q

What is the purpose of the cytoplasm

A

Its a gel like substance containing nutrients and salts where the chemical reactions take place

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5
Q

What’s the job of the mitochondria

A

They carry out aerobic respiration. It provides cells with the energy they need to function to use in chemical reactions (they break down sugars (eg. Glucose)

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6
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

It’s where protein is made

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7
Q

What are bacteria cells

A

Prokaryotic cells “unicellular = 1 cell” (much smaller in comparison to plant and animal cells)

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8
Q

What is the use of a circular strand of DNA/nucleoid/circular chromosome?

A

it’s contains the genes they need to survive and reproduce. (The genetic material is not enclosed in a nucleus)

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9
Q

The use of plasmids?

A

They carry extra genes like antibiotic resistance (not needed on a daily basis but may come in handy)

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10
Q

What is flagella?

A

It helps propel the bacteria (allows the bacteria to move)

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11
Q

What is the cell wall made out of and what does it do?

A

The cell wall is made out of cellulose. It makes it stronger and allows it to maintain the shape of the cell.

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12
Q

What do plant and algal cells have in common? What does it help with?

A

They both have a cell wall made of cellulose which strengthens the cell

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13
Q

How does a chloroplast function?

A

It’s an organelle that contains the green pigment (chlorophyll) and it contains the enzymes needed for photosynthesis. It absorbs light energy for photosynthesis

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14
Q

What is the purpose of the permanent vacuole?

A

It’s filled with a solution of salt, sugar and organic acids (cell sap). The permanent vacuole helps keep the cell strong and gives it shape (supports the cell membrane - the thin skin around the cell) it also controls what passes in and out of the cell.

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15
Q

What is a cell?

A

A cell is the smallest unit of life that can live on it own. Cells make up all living organisms and their tissues.

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16
Q

What is enclosed within the nucleus for eukaryotic cells?

A

Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Genetic material

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17
Q

what is the formula for magnification?

A

Magnification = image size/real size

real size = image size/magnification

image size = magnification x real size

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18
Q

What does the nucleus of a cell contain?

A

It contains chromosomes made of DNA molecules.

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19
Q

What do each chromosome carry

A

Each chromosome carries a large number of genes (Different genes control different characteristics. Eg. hair, eyes)

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20
Q

How do cells divide

A

They divide in a series of stages called the cell cycle.

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21
Q

What are chromosomes normally found in

A

In the body cells the chromosomes are normally found in pairs

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22
Q

Describe the stages of the cell cycle including mitosis

A

The genetic material is doubled and then divided into two identical cells before a cell can divide it needs to go and increase the number of sub-cellular structures such as ribosomes and mitochondria the DNA replicates to form two copies of each chromosome.

In mitosis one set of chromosomes is pulled to each end of the cell and the nucleus divides.

Lastly the cytoplasm and the sun membrane divides to form two identical cells.

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23
Q

Why is cell division by mitosis important

A

Cell division by mitosis is important in the growth and development of multicellular organisms

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24
Q

How many chromosomes does a human cell have

A

23 pairs of chromosomes

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25
Q

Why do multicellular organisms use mitosis

A

To grow or replace cells that have been damaged

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26
Q

What’s the importance of cell differentiation

A

It allows the cell to specialize and perform specific functions in the organism

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27
Q

What type of specialization can animals cells carry out to function?

A

Sperm cells
nerve cells
muscle cells

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28
Q

What type of specialization can plant cells carry out to function?

A

Root hair cells
Xylem
Phloem

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29
Q

As an organism develops what happens to the Cell

A

The cell differentiate to form different types of cells

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30
Q

Most types of animal cells differentiate at an…

A

early stage

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31
Q

Many types of plant cells retain the ability to…

A

Differentiate throughout life

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32
Q

Stem cells are called?

A

Undifferentiated cells of an organism (not specialized)

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33
Q

why are electron microscopes at an advantage?

A

Electron microscopes have a much greater magnification and resolution then light microscopes.

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34
Q

How can having a higher magnification and resolution power benefit when studying cells?

A

It can be used to study cells in much finer detail and it allows biologists to see and understand many subcellular structures.

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35
Q

Explain how microscope techniques have developed over the time?

A

Improvements in lens manufacture help to solve problems like color and image resolution

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36
Q

Mature animals cell division is mainly restricted to what?

A

Repair and replacement

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37
Q

For cells to differentiate what do they need to become

A

They require different subcellular structures to enable to carry out a certain function (They become specialized cells)

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38
Q

What is the job of a sperm cell

A

Is to join with the ovum (egg cell) (Fertilization) 

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39
Q

What happens to the ovum and the sperm cell during fertilization

A

There Genetic information is combined

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40
Q

What’s the purpose of enzymes in a sperm cell

A

Allows them to digest their way through the outer layer of the ovum 

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41
Q

What’s the purpose of a nerve cell

A

Body sends electric impulses around the Body

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42
Q

What’s the purpose of an axon in the nerve cell

A

It carries the electric impulses from one part of the body to another

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43
Q

What are the axons covered in? do what do they help with?

A

Myelin. It helps speed up the transmission of the nerve impulse

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44
Q

What are synapses for the nerve cell

A

The end of the axon has synapse. synapse allow the impulses to pass from one nerve cell to another

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45
Q

What do dendrites do for the nerve cell

A

They increase the surface area so that other nerve cells can connect more easily

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46
Q

What do muscle cells contain

A

They contain protein fibers which can change the length

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47
Q

What do muscle cells form when they work together

A

Muscle tissue

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48
Q

Why does the surface area of roots hair cells increase

A

So it can absorb the water and dissolved minerals more effectively

49
Q

Where is Xylem found?

A

In the plant stem. They form long tubes

50
Q

What does xylem carry out

A

These tubes carry out water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the leafs 

51
Q

Xylem cells have very thick walls containing what

A

Lignin (It provides support to the plant)

52
Q

What do phloem cubes and sieve plates carry out

A

Both dissolved sugars up and down the Plant

53
Q

What is the equation for the number of bacteria

A

2 ^n
N=Number of rounds of division



54
Q

How does bacteria reproduce

A

By binary fission

55
Q

Mitosis happens during…

A

Asexual reproduction

56
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

A stem cell is an undifferentiated cells which can give rise to more cells of the same type of differentiate to form other types of cells

57
Q

Where can you find stem cells in the adult

A

The stem cells in bone marrow differentiate to form cells found in our blood (eg. platelets, red blood cells and white blood cells)

58
Q

What do roots and buds contain

A

Meristem tissue 

59
Q

What can meristem tissues differentiate into

A

Is stem cells can differentiate Into any type of plant tissue at any point in the life of the plant

60
Q

Stem cells from human embryos can be…

A

Cloned and made to differentiate into most different types of human cells

61
Q

Treatment of stem cells may be able to help conditions(Therapeutic cloning). what type of conditions?

A

Diabetes and paralysis 

62
Q

Describe the bone marrow transplant

A

Leukemia is a cancer of the bone marrow
The patient’s existing bone marrow is destroyed using radiation
The patient receives a transplant of the bone marrow from a donor.
The stem cells in the bone marrow divides and forms new bone marrow .
They also differentiate and form new blood cells.

63
Q

What are the problems of bone marrow transplant

A

The donor has to be compatible with the patient otherwise the white blood cells produced by the donating bone marrow could attack the patient’s body

There’s a risk that viruses can be passed form the donor to the patient


64
Q

What are enzymes

A

Enzymes are protein molecules

65
Q

Describe therapeutic cloning

A

In therapeutic cloning an embryo is produced with the same genes as the patient

Stem cells from the embryo can be transplanted into the patient without being rejected by the patient’s immune system

Once inside the patient the stem cells then differentiate to replace cells which have stopped working correctly

66
Q

What are some of the problems with therapeutic cloning

A

Some people have ethnical or religious objections to this procedure

67
Q

Stem cells form … in plants

A

Meristems

68
Q

Meristems can be used to produce … of plants quickly and economically

A

Clones

69
Q

Rare species can be cloned to be protect from …

A

Extinction

70
Q

What are crop plants with special features be used for?

A

Disease resistance. They can also be cloned to produce large numbers of identical plants for farmers.

71
Q

Define diffusion

A

Diffusion is the spreading out of particles resulting in a net movement from a area of higher concentration to a lower area of concentration

72
Q

Why are cells surrounded by a high concentration of oxygen

A

Oxygen is transported in the bloodstream of the lungs

73
Q

Why is oxygen used in diffusion

A

To generate energy in respiration and this produces the waste gas carbon dioxide

74
Q

Urea is a waste product produced where

A

Inside cells

75
Q

How does urea diffuse

A

It diffuses out of the cell into the blood plasma and is excreted by the kidneys

76
Q

What is the name of concentration in Diffusion

A

Concentration gradient (The greater the concentration gradient the faster diffusion takes place)

77
Q

If the temperature is high in diffusion what does that mean

A

The higher the temperature the greater the rate of diffusion. This is because the particles have more kinetic energy and are moving faster.

78
Q

How does a larger surface area help diffusion

A

The larger the surface area of the cell membrane the greater the rate of diffusion.

79
Q

How do substances move in and out of the cells across the cell membrane

A

Via diffusion

80
Q

What substances are transported in and out of the cell by diffusion

A

Oxygen and carbon dioxide in gas exchange.
Urea from the cells as a waste product.

81
Q

A single-celled organism such as amoeba can rely on…

A

Diffusion to transport molecules in and out of the cell

82
Q

Define osmosis

A

Osmosis is the movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution

83
Q

Define active transport

A

Active transport is the movement of substances against the concentration gradient. This process requires energy from respiration. Active transport is the movement of substances from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution.

84
Q

The cytoplasm has a relatively concentrated solution this means that

A

It contains a low concentration of water but a high concentration of sugar 

85
Q

If an animal cell was inserted into water what could happen

A

The water moving work on the cell to expand or even burst

86
Q

If we place an animal cell into a very concentrated solution what will happen

A

The water will move out of the cell by osmosis and the cell will shrink

87
Q

If you place a plant cell in a diluted solution (osmosis) what will happen

A

The water will move into the cell by osmosis and the cell will expand.

88
Q

As the plant cell is expanding because of the solution is dilute (osmosis) what will happen

A

The cell wall will prevent the plant cell from bursting instead the cell will become swollen. Scientists call this TURGID.

89
Q

If we place a plant cell into a concentrated solution then the water moves out of the cell by osmosis causing it to?

A

Shrink. This is called FLACCID

90
Q

What’s the difference between diffusion and active transport

A

Diffusion:
Particles move down the concentration gradient
Diffusion does not require energy from respiration

Active transport:
Particles are moved against the concentration gradient
Requires energy from respiration

91
Q

What’s the independent variable

A

Concentration

92
Q

What’s the dependent variable

A

Change in mass

93
Q

What’s the control variable

A

Volume of solution, temperature, time, Surface

94
Q

Why do plants need magnesium

A

To make chlorophyll in their leaves

95
Q

Why do plants require ions

A

Plants need ions for healthy growth

96
Q

What is glucose

A

Sugars

97
Q

What are sugar molecules used for

A

Sugar molecules are used for cell respiration

98
Q

How does active transport allow mineral ions to be observed

A

Active transport allows mineral ions to be absorbed into plant root hairs from a very dilute solution in the soil

99
Q

How does active transport allow sugar molecules to be absorbed

A

Active transport allows sugar molecules to be absorbed from lower concentrations into the gut into blood which has a higher sugar concentration

100
Q

As organisms get larger What happens to the surface area and volume ratio

A

It gets smarter

101
Q

cells on the surface get enough oxygen by…

A

Diffusion

102
Q

Not enough oxygen can diffuse into the cell in the center of the organism. why?

A

They are too far away from the surface.

103
Q

What are gills covered in

A

Large filaments

104
Q

What do filaments do

A

It’s where gases pass in an out of the blood

105
Q

How does the oxygen water pass through a fish

A

The oxygen water passes into the mouth where it flows over the gills where the oxygen is transported into the bloodstream

106
Q

Explain how gills in fish are adapted for their exchange materials

A

Deoxygenated blood passes into the filament.
Oxygen diffuses from the water into the blood.
Oxygenated blood returns to the body

107
Q

What do filaments give the gills

A

Massive surface area.

108
Q

Filaments also have a thin membrane. What does a thin membrane provide

A

It provides a short diffusion

109
Q

Filaments have an efficient blood supply to take the oxygenated blood away. what does this ensure

A

It ensures that the concentration gradient is always high

110
Q

What is the equation for percentage change

A

% change = change in the value / original value x 100

111
Q

When water moves in to the cylinder it’s gains mass. How does that happen? (Required practical)

A

By osmosis

112
Q

In a concentrated sugar solution the cylinder loses mass as..

A

The water moves out by osmosis

113
Q

If the line crosses the X axis there is no change in mass why is that?

A

That is because the concentration outside the cell is the same as the concentration inside the cell so no overall osmosis takes place

114
Q

What are root hair cells specialized for

A

Absorbing water and minerals

115
Q

Why are long hairs of the root hair cells important for the plant

A

It gives the plant a big surface area for absorbing water and minerals ions from the soil

116
Q

Explain the gas exchange in lungs

A

The alveoli are where gas exchange takes place they have a
large surface area
moist lining
Thin walls
good blood supply

117
Q

Explain villi in the small intestine

A

Millions of villi line in the small intestine increasing the surface area to absorb more digested food
they are a single layer of cells with a good blood supply

118
Q

Explain the gas exchange in plants

A

The surface of leaves is flattened to increase the surface area for a more gas exchange by diffusion

oxygen and water vapor diffuse out of the stomata

guard cells open up and close the stomata controlling water loss

Biology GCSE AQA (8 decks)

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