Organisation Flashcards
What is an organelle
A specialised unit within a cell which performs a specific function
What is a cell
Basic building blocks of all living organisms
What is tissue
A group of cells with similar structure and form
What is an organ
A group of tissue performing a specific function
What is an organ system
A group of organs with related functions, working together to perform certain functions within the body
What is the order of the digestive system
Mouth
Oesophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Anus
What does the mouth do in the digestive system
Increases surface area of food
Saliva produces amylase which breaks starch (carbohydrase)
What does the oesophagus do in the digestive system
Contracts to push food down
What does the stomach do in the digestive system
Acid destroys microbes
Produces protease which breaks down protein
What does the small intestine do in the digestive system
Liver injects bile
Pancreas releases carbohydrase, protease, lipases
Villi absorb small nutrients into the blood
What does the big intestine do in the digestive system
Removes water from food that can’t be digested
What does the anus do in the digestive system
Faeces are pushed out here
What is bile
An alkaline which neutralises hydrochloric acid from the stomach
Produced in the liver
Stored in the gall bladder
Emulsifies fat to form small droplets to increase surface area which increases the rates of fat breakdown by lipases
What is an enzyme
A protein which catalyses a chemical reaction
A + B = C - anabolic (build up)
C = A + B - catabolic (break down)
What is the lock and key hypothesis
The enzyme has an active site (lock) which only one substrate (key) can fit in
When the substrate is in the active site, the activation energy is lowered to speed up the reaction
If the active site denatures, the substrate won’t be able to fit in it
What is amylase, where where it is produced and its equation
Type of carbohydrase which breaks down starch
Produced in the mouth
Amylase
Starch →Glucose
What is lipase, where it is produced and its equation
Breaks down lipids
Produced in the small intestine
Lipase
Lipid→Fatty acids + Glycerol
What is protease, where it is produced and its equation
Breaks down protein
Produced in the stomach
Protease
Protein →Amino acids
How do you do the test for sugar
Add benedict solution to the food
Heat it in a water bath
Benedict colour changes when heated
Red/brown - sugar present
Green/yellow - not much present
Orange - there’s a little bit
How do you do the test for starch
Put iodine on the starch
Blue-black - starch is present
How do you do the test for protein
Add the biuret solution A to the food solution
Mix the solution
Add biuret solution B to the side of the test tube
Purple - protein is present
A purple ring between layers - protein is present
How do you do the test for lipids
Ethanol is added to a test tube with the crushed food
The liquid is poured into a second test tube with water, leaving behind any food residue
Cloudy - lipids are present
What do the epidermal tissues do
Help deter excess water loss and invasion by insects and microorganisms
What does the palisade mesophyll do
Absorbs light, packed with many chloroplast and arranged closely
What is spongy mesophyll
Packed loosely for efficient gas exchange
How does blood flow through the heart
Blood returns from the lungs and is collected in the left atrium
When the heart contracts, the blood is pumped into the left ventricle because it has a high concentration of oxygen and a low concentration of CO2
The blood is taken back into the right atrium by the vena cava
Enters the right ventricle and then pumped into the lungs because it has a low concentration of oxygen and a high concentration of CO2
What is the trachea
Tube that runs from the mouth to the throat, lined with rings of cartilage to keep it open at all times
What is bronchi
The trachea splits into the left and right bronchi
What is alveoli
Tiny air sacs where oxygen moves into and out of the blood (gas exchange)
What is the capillary
Tiny blood vessels around the alveoli
What are the properties of the AVCs
Artery:
Thick outer wall
Small lumen
Thick layer of muscles and elastic fibres
Vein:
Fairly thin outer wall
Large lumen
Thin layer of muscles and elastic fibre
Capillary:
Wall made of a single layer of cell
Very small lumen
What is blood made out of
Plasma - 55%
RBCs, WBCs, Platelets - 45%
What do RBCs do and how have they adapted
Transport oxygen to the lungs
Haemoglobin - allow it to carry oxygen
No nucleus - maximises amount of oxygen stored
Disc shape - increases surface area for diffusion and to carry more oxygen
What do WBCs do and how have they adapted
Protects bodies from disease
Phagocytes - digest and engulfs pathogens
Lymphocytes - produces antibodies and destroys cells which have been infected
What are platelets and what do they do
Cell fragments (smaller than RBCs and WBCs and have no nucleus)
Forms scabs
What is the difference between a communicable and non communicable disease
Communicable - a disease that can be transmitted
Non communicable - a disease that can’t be transmitted
What are some things that diseases can do
Cause defects in the immune system which will make it more likely to suffer from infectious disease
Viruses living in cells can be the trigger for cancer
Sever physical ill health can lead to depression
Immune reactions caused by pathogens can start allergies
What are the risk factors linked to an increase of a disease
Aspects of a person’s lifestyle
Substances in a persons boy/environment
The effect of diet, smoking and cardiovascular disease
Obesity
Alcohol
What is CHD
Coronary Heart Disease - a disease where plaque builds up in the veins
What are two treatments to treat people with CHD
Angioplasty:
Balloon is inserted into the vessel
The balloon expands the vessel
A stent is put into the balloon, turned and then stretched
Balloon is popped
Bypass:
A vein is taken from somewhere in the body
Inserted around the vein where the plaque is
What are the two types of cancer
Benign (harmless):
Has a membrane
Uses body’s blood supply
Small
Balls of benign cells
Malignant (harmful):
No membrane
Own blood supply
Infects other cells
Goes around the body by the blood
