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Biology > Organisation > Flashcards

Organisation Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is an organelle

A

A specialised unit within a cell which performs a specific function

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2
Q

What is a cell

A

Basic building blocks of all living organisms

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3
Q

What is tissue

A

A group of cells with similar structure and form

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4
Q

What is an organ

A

A group of tissue performing a specific function

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5
Q

What is an organ system

A

A group of organs with related functions, working together to perform certain functions within the body

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6
Q

What is the order of the digestive system

A

Mouth
Oesophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Anus

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7
Q

What does the mouth do in the digestive system

A

Increases surface area of food
Saliva produces amylase which breaks starch (carbohydrase)

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8
Q

What does the oesophagus do in the digestive system

A

Contracts to push food down

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9
Q

What does the stomach do in the digestive system

A

Acid destroys microbes
Produces protease which breaks down protein

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10
Q

What does the small intestine do in the digestive system

A

Liver injects bile
Pancreas releases carbohydrase, protease, lipases
Villi absorb small nutrients into the blood

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11
Q

What does the big intestine do in the digestive system

A

Removes water from food that can’t be digested

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12
Q

What does the anus do in the digestive system

A

Faeces are pushed out here

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13
Q

What is bile

A

An alkaline which neutralises hydrochloric acid from the stomach
Produced in the liver
Stored in the gall bladder
Emulsifies fat to form small droplets to increase surface area which increases the rates of fat breakdown by lipases

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14
Q

What is an enzyme

A

A protein which catalyses a chemical reaction

A + B = C - anabolic (build up)
C = A + B - catabolic (break down)

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15
Q

What is the lock and key hypothesis

A

The enzyme has an active site (lock) which only one substrate (key) can fit in
When the substrate is in the active site, the activation energy is lowered to speed up the reaction
If the active site denatures, the substrate won’t be able to fit in it

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16
Q

What is amylase, where where it is produced and its equation

A

Type of carbohydrase which breaks down starch
Produced in the mouth
‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ Amylase
Starch →Glucose

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17
Q

What is lipase, where it is produced and its equation

A

Breaks down lipids
Produced in the small intestine
‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ Lipase
Lipid→Fatty acids + Glycerol

18
Q

What is protease, where it is produced and its equation

A

Breaks down protein
Produced in the stomach
‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ Protease
Protein →Amino acids

19
Q

How do you do the test for sugar

A

Add benedict solution to the food
Heat it in a water bath
Benedict colour changes when heated
Red/brown - sugar present
Green/yellow - not much present
Orange - there’s a little bit

20
Q

How do you do the test for starch

A

Put iodine on the starch
Blue-black - starch is present

21
Q

How do you do the test for protein

A

Add the biuret solution A to the food solution
Mix the solution
Add biuret solution B to the side of the test tube
Purple - protein is present
A purple ring between layers - protein is present

22
Q

How do you do the test for lipids

A

Ethanol is added to a test tube with the crushed food
The liquid is poured into a second test tube with water, leaving behind any food residue
Cloudy - lipids are present

23
Q

What do the epidermal tissues do

A

Help deter excess water loss and invasion by insects and microorganisms

24
Q

What does the palisade mesophyll do

A

Absorbs light, packed with many chloroplast and arranged closely

25
Q

What is spongy mesophyll

A

Packed loosely for efficient gas exchange

26
Q

How does blood flow through the heart

A

Blood returns from the lungs and is collected in the left atrium
When the heart contracts, the blood is pumped into the left ventricle because it has a high concentration of oxygen and a low concentration of CO2
The blood is taken back into the right atrium by the vena cava
Enters the right ventricle and then pumped into the lungs because it has a low concentration of oxygen and a high concentration of CO2

27
Q

What is the trachea

A

Tube that runs from the mouth to the throat, lined with rings of cartilage to keep it open at all times

28
Q

What is bronchi

A

The trachea splits into the left and right bronchi

29
Q

What is alveoli

A

Tiny air sacs where oxygen moves into and out of the blood (gas exchange)

30
Q

What is the capillary

A

Tiny blood vessels around the alveoli

31
Q

What are the properties of the AVCs

A

Artery:
Thick outer wall
Small lumen
Thick layer of muscles and elastic fibres

Vein:
Fairly thin outer wall
Large lumen
Thin layer of muscles and elastic fibre

Capillary:
Wall made of a single layer of cell
Very small lumen

32
Q

What is blood made out of

A

Plasma - 55%‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎
RBCs, WBCs, Platelets - 45%

33
Q

What do RBCs do and how have they adapted

A

Transport oxygen to the lungs

Haemoglobin - allow it to carry oxygen
No nucleus - maximises amount of oxygen stored
Disc shape - increases surface area for diffusion and to carry more oxygen

34
Q

What do WBCs do and how have they adapted

A

Protects bodies from disease

Phagocytes - digest and engulfs pathogens
Lymphocytes - produces antibodies and destroys cells which have been infected

35
Q

What are platelets and what do they do

A

Cell fragments (smaller than RBCs and WBCs and have no nucleus)

Forms scabs

36
Q

What is the difference between a communicable and non communicable disease

A

Communicable - a disease that can be transmitted
Non communicable - a disease that can’t be transmitted

37
Q

What are some things that diseases can do

A

Cause defects in the immune system which will make it more likely to suffer from infectious disease
Viruses living in cells can be the trigger for cancer
Sever physical ill health can lead to depression
Immune reactions caused by pathogens can start allergies

38
Q

What are the risk factors linked to an increase of a disease

A

Aspects of a person’s lifestyle
Substances in a persons boy/environment
The effect of diet, smoking and cardiovascular disease
Obesity
Alcohol

39
Q

What is CHD

A

Coronary Heart Disease - a disease where plaque builds up in the veins

40
Q

What are two treatments to treat people with CHD

A

Angioplasty:
Balloon is inserted into the vessel
The balloon expands the vessel
A stent is put into the balloon, turned and then stretched
Balloon is popped

Bypass:
A vein is taken from somewhere in the body
Inserted around the vein where the plaque is

41
Q

What are the two types of cancer

A

Benign (harmless):
Has a membrane
Uses body’s blood supply
Small
Balls of benign cells

Malignant (harmful):
No membrane
Own blood supply
Infects other cells
Goes around the body by the blood

Biology (7 decks)

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