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Biology year 10 > Organisation > Flashcards

Organisation Flashcards

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1
Q

how do you prepare a food sample?

A
  • break piece with pestle and mortar
  • transfer to beaker, add distilled water
  • stir with glas rod to dissolve some food
  • filter solution using funnel lined with filter paper to get rid of solid bits
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2
Q

how do you use the Benedict’s Test to test for sugars?

A
  • prep food sample, transfer 5cm3 to test tube
  • prep waterbath at 75ºC
  • add about 10 drops Benedict’s solution using pipette
  • place test tube in water bath using test tube holder, leave for 5 mins
  • tube pointing away from you
  • reducing sugar: blue to green/yellow/brick-red
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3
Q

how do you use Iodine solution to test for starch?

A
  • prep food sample, transfer 5cm3 to test tube
  • add few drops and gently shake to mix contents
  • starch: browny-orange to black/blue-black
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4
Q

how do you use the Biuret Test to test for proteins?

A
  • prep food sample, transfer 2cm3 to test tube
  • add 2cm3 biuret solution and gently shake to mix contents
  • protein: blue to pink/purple
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5
Q

how do you use the Sudan III Test to test for lipids?

A
  • prep food sample no filter and trasfer 5cm3 into test tube
  • add 3 drops Sudan III stain solution using pipette and gently shake to mix contents
  • solution stains lipids
  • lipids: seperate two layers, top bright red
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6
Q

what is the thorax?

A
  • top part of body
  • seperated by diaphragm
  • lungs
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7
Q

what are the lungs?

A
  • big pink sponges
  • protected by ribcage
  • surrounded by pleural membranes
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8
Q

the air we breath in…

A

-goes down the trachea

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9
Q

the trachea is split…

A
  • into two tubes
  • bronchi (bronchus)
  • goes to each lung
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10
Q

the bronchi is split…

A
  • smaller tubes
  • bronchiole
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11
Q

what are alveoli?

A
  • small bags at end of bronchiole
  • surrounded by network of blood capillaries
  • gas exchange takes place
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12
Q

how does gas exchange occur of blood returning to lungs from rest of the body?

A
  1. blood passes next to alveoli
  2. oxygen diffuses out of the alveolus (high conc.) into blood (low conc.)
  3. carbon dioxide diffuses out of blood (high conc.) into the alveolus (low conc.) to be breathed out
  4. blood reaches body cells, oxygen is released from red blood cells
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13
Q

how does gas exchange occur of blood reaching body cells?

A
  1. oxygen released from red blood cells (high conc.) diffuses into body cells (low conc.)
  2. carbon dioxide diffuses out of body cells (high conc.) into blood (low conc.)
  3. carried back to the lungs
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14
Q

how can you calculate the breathing rate in breaths per minute?

A

breaths per minute = number of breaths/ number of mins

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15
Q

the first one in the circulatory system

A
  1. right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs to take in oxygen
  2. blood returns to heart
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16
Q

the second one in the circulatory system

A
  1. left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood around organs
  2. blood gives up oxyegn at body cells
  3. deoxygenated blood returns to heart to be pumped out to lungs again
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17
Q

what is the heart?

A
  • pumping organ
  • keeps blood flowing around body
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18
Q

what are the walls of the heart made of?

A

-muscle tissue

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19
Q

why does the heart have valves?

A
  • blood flows right direction
  • prevents backwards
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20
Q

how does the heart pump blood around the body?

A
  • LEFT:pulmonary vein, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta
  • RIGHT: vena cava, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery
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21
Q

how does the heart get its own supply of oxygenated blood?

A
  • coronary arteries branch off aorta
  • surrounds heart
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22
Q

what are the different types of blood vessels?

A
  1. arteries - carry blood away from heart
  2. capillaries - involved in exchange of materials at tissues
  3. veins - carry blood to heart
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23
Q

how does the arteries carry blood under pressure?

A
  1. heart pumps blood out at high pressure, artery walls are strong and elastic
  2. thick walls
  3. contains thick layers of muscle to make them strong and elastic fibres to allow them stretch and spring back
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24
Q

describe the capillaries

A
  1. really tiny
  2. carry blood really close to every body cell to exchange substances to maintain concentration gradient
  3. permeable walls so substances can diffuse in and out
  4. supply food and oxygen, takes away waste like CO2
  5. wall one cell thick for short diffusion distance
  6. large surface area maximise exchange
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25
Q

how are the walls of capillaries adapted?

A
  • one cell thick
  • increases rate of diffusion
  • decrease distance
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26
Q

how does veins take blood back to the heart?

A
  1. capillaries join up to form veins
  2. blood low pressure in veins wall dont need to be as thick
  3. bigger lumen than arteries
  4. valves
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27
Q

why does veins have a bigger lumen than arteries?

A

-helps blood flow despite low pressure

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28
Q

how can you calculate the rate of blood flow?

A

rate of blood flow = volume of blood/number of mins

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29
Q

what is coronary heart disease?

A
  • coronary arteries supply blood to heart muscle
  • blocked by layers of fatty material building up
  • causes lack of oxygen to heart muscle
  • heart attack
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30
Q

how do we use stents to keep a person’s heart beating?

A
  • tubes inserted inside arteries
  • keep open so blood can pass through to heart muscles
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31
Q

how do stents lower risk of heart attacks in people with CHD? (ADVANTAGES)

A
  • effective for long time
  • recovery time for surgery is quick
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32
Q

what are the risks of stents?

A
  • complications during operation
  • infection from surgery
  • thrombosis: patients develop blood clot near stent
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33
Q

what is cholesterol?

A

-essential lipid for bodily function

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34
Q

what happens if you have too much cholesterol in the bloodstream?

A
  • fatty deposits forms inside arteries
  • leads to CHD
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35
Q

what are statins?

A
  • drugs reduce amount of ‘bad’ cholesterol present in bloodstream
  • slows down rate of fatty deposits forming
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36
Q

what are the advantages of statins?

A
  • reduce bad cholesterol reduces risk of stroke, CHD and heart attacks
  • increase amount of beneficial cholesterol in bloodstream, remove bad cholesterol from blood
  • may prevent other diseases
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37
Q

what are the disadvantages of statins?

A
  • long-term drug taken regularly, could forget
  • negative side effects: headaches, kidney failure
  • time for affect to kick in
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38
Q

what are artificial hearts?

A
  • mechanical device pumps blood
  • temporary fix: alive until donor heart available
  • help recovery, allows heart to rest and heal
  • permanent fix: reduces need for donor heart
39
Q

what is the main advantage of an artificial heart?

A
  • less likley rejected by body immune’s system than donor heart
  • made from metals and plastic, not living tissue
  • body doesn’t recognise as foreign and attack
40
Q

what are the disadvantages to an arficial heart?

A
  • surgery: bleeding and infection
  • doesn’t work as well as healthy natural: electrical motor can fail
  • blood flow not as smooth: blod clots lead to strokes
  • prevent:drugs to thin blood
  • problems with bleeding if injured
41
Q

how can heart valves become damaged?

A
  • heart attacks
  • infection
  • old age
42
Q

what is the effect of damaged heart valves?

A
  • valvue tissue stiffens, won’t open properly
  • leaky: blood flows both directions
  • blood doesn’t circulate as effectively
43
Q

how can you treat severely damaged heart valves?

A
  • replace with biological valves
  • mechanical valves
44
Q

what is the advantage to valve replacement?

A
  • much less drastic procedure
  • than whole heart transplant
45
Q

what is the disadvantage to valve replacement?

A
  • major surgery
  • lead to problems with blood clots
46
Q

what does the heart do when someone loses alot of blood?

A
  • pumps remianing red blood cells around body
  • get oxygen from body
  • aslong volume of blood topped up
47
Q

how is artificial blood e.g saline used?

A
  • replace lost volume of blood
  • safe if no airbubbles get in blood
  • keeps ppl alive if 2/3 rbc lost
  • gives pateint time to produce new rbc
48
Q

what happens if a patient can’t produce more red blood cells?

A

-blood transfusion

49
Q

what is the definition of health?

A

-state of physical and mental wellbeing

50
Q

what are communicable diseases?

A
  • spread person to person
  • between animal and people
51
Q

what is communicable diseases caused by?

A
  • bacteria
  • viruses
  • parasites
  • fungi
52
Q

what is an example of communciable diseases?

A
  • measles
  • malaria
53
Q

what are non-communicable diseases?

A
  • can’t spread
  • lasts long time
  • gets worse slowly
54
Q

what is an example of non-communicable diseases?

A
  • asthma
  • cancer
  • coronary heart disease
55
Q

what increases your chance of suffering a communicable disease such as influenza?

A
  • weak immune system
  • body less likely able to defend itself against pathogen
56
Q

how are allergic reations triggered?

A
  • immune system reactions
  • caused by infection
  • by pathogen
57
Q

what can sometimes trigger mental health issues?

A
  • suffer severe physical health problems
  • impact everyday activities
  • life expectancy
58
Q

what are some factors that can affect your health?

A
  • poor diet
  • stress
  • life situation: access to meds, healthy food, condoms
59
Q

what are risk factors?

A

-things linked to increase in likelihood of developing disease

60
Q

what are the risk factors in a person’s life?

A
  • lifestyle: excercise
  • environment: air pollution
  • substances in body: abestos
61
Q

give an example of how lifestyle factors impact nationally?

A
  • ppl from deprived areas
  • more likley smoke, poor diet, don’t excercise
  • higher incidences of cardiovascular disease, obesity, Type 2 diabetes
62
Q

how do risk factors link to non-communicable disease?

A

-several interacting with eachother

63
Q

give an example of how lifestyle factors impact gloablly?

A
  • non-communicable disease more common in developed countries
  • higher income
  • buy high-fat food
64
Q

give an example of how lifestyle factors impact locally?

A
  • individual choices
  • affects local incidence of disease
65
Q

what are risk factors that can directly cause disease?

A
  • smoking
  • smoking when pregnant
  • obesity
  • alcohol
  • cancer
66
Q

what is the human cost of non-communicable diseases?

A
  • tens of millions deaths per year
  • lower quality life
  • shorter lifespan
  • affects loved ones
67
Q

what are the organs of a plant?

A
  • stems
  • roots
  • leaves
68
Q

list the plant tissues

A
  1. epidermal tissue - covers whole plant
  2. palisade mesophyll tissue - photosynthesis
  3. spongy mesophyll tissue - contains big air spaces to allow gases to diffuse in and out
  4. xylem and phloem - transports substances
  5. meristem tissue - found at growing tips of shoots/ roots, differentiate into different types of plant cells for growth
69
Q

what tissues do leaves contain?

A
  1. epidermal
  2. mesophyll
  3. xylem
  4. phloem
70
Q

what is the function of the epidermal tissue?

A
  • covered with waxy cuticle
  • reduces water loss by evaporation
71
Q

what is the function of the upper epidermis tissue?

A
  • transparent
  • light pass thru to palisade layer
72
Q

what is the function of the palisade layer?

A
  • lots of chloroplasts
  • near top of leaf
  • absorb most sun
73
Q

what is the function of the xylem and phloem?

A
  • forms network of vascular bundles
  • transports water and nutrients to entire leaf
  • takes glucose away produced by photosynthesis
  • supports structure
74
Q

what is the function of the lower epidermis?

A
  • gas exchange
  • little holes called stomata

-lets CO2 directly into leaf

75
Q

what is the function of the guard cells?

A

-controls opening and closing of stomata in response to environmental conditions

76
Q

what is the function of the spongy mesophyll tissues?

A
  • contains air spaces
  • increases rate of diffusion of gases
77
Q

what are phloem tubes?

A
  • columns of elongated living cells
  • small pores in the end walls
  • allows cell sap to flow through
78
Q

what does phloem tubes transport?

A
  • food substances (dissolved sugars)
  • transport both ways
  • translocation
79
Q

what are xylem tubes?

A
  • dead cells joined ned to end
  • no end walls between them
  • hole down middle
  • strengthened with lignen
80
Q

what does xylem tubes carry?

A

-water and mineral ions

transpiration stream: movement of water from roots, thru xylem, out of leaves

81
Q

how does transpiration cause the loss of water in plants?

A
  • evaporation and diffusion
  • evaporation slight shortage of water in leaf, more water drawn up from rest of plant thru xylem vessels to replace
  • constant transpiration stream of water thru plant
  • diffusion: more water inside than outside, escapes thru stomata
82
Q

what affects the transpiration rate?

A
  • light intensity
  • temperature
  • air flow
  • humidity
83
Q

how does light intensity affect the transpiration rate?

A
  • brighter the light = greater transpiration rate
  • stomata closes when dark = no photosynthesis
  • can’t open to let CO2 in
  • very little water can escape
84
Q

how does temperature affect the transpiration rate?

A
  • higher temp = faster transpiration rate
  • water particles more energy
  • to evaporate and diffuse out of stomata
85
Q

how does air flow affect the transpiration rate?

A
  • better airflow (stronger wind) = greater transpiration rate
  • water vapour swept away
  • maintaining low concentration of water in the air outside the leaf
  • fast diffusions from area of high conc to low conc
86
Q

how does humidity affect the transpiration rate?

A
  • drier the air around leaf = faster transpiration rate
  • humid air = less difference between
87
Q

how can you estimate the rate of transpiration?

A
  • measure uptake of water by a plant
  • record starting position of water bubble
  • record distance moved per hour
  • keep conditions constant e.g temperature and air humidity
88
Q

what shape are guard cells?

A
  • kidney shape
  • opens and closes stomata
89
Q

what happens to the guard cell when the plant has a lot of water?

A
  • fills, goes plump and turgid
  • stomata opens so gases can be exchanged for photosynthesis
90
Q

what happens to the guard cell when the plant has a short amount of water?

A
  • loses water becomes flaccid
  • stomata closes
  • stops too much water vapour escaping
91
Q

describe the inner and outer walls of the guard cells?

A
  • thin outer walls
  • thickened inner walls
  • make opening and closing work
92
Q

how does the guard cells save water?

A
  • sensitive to light
  • close at night
93
Q

where is the stomata situated on the leaf?

A
  • underside
  • lower surface is shaded and cooler
  • less water lost thru stomata
94
Q

how does movement of potassium cause guard cells to open?

A
  • increases concentration inside guard cells
  • water moves into cell through osmosis
  • cell swells unevenly so stomata opens
  • thick part of wall is less flexible than thin part of wall

Biology year 10 (10 decks)

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