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Biology year 10 > Cell Biology > Flashcards

Cell Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a eukaryotic cell?

A
  • complex
  • include all animal and plant cells
  • make up organisms called eukaryotes
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2
Q

what is a prokaryotic cell?

A
  • smaller and simpler
  • e.g bacteria
  • prokaryote (single-celled organism)
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3
Q

what are subcellular structures?

A

-different parts of the cell

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4
Q

what does the nucleus contain?

A
  • genetic material
  • controls activities
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5
Q

what is cytoplasm?

A
  • gel like substance
  • most chemical reactions occur
  • controlled by enzymes
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6
Q

what is a cell membrane?

A
  • holds cell together
  • controls what goes in and out
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7
Q

what is mitochondria?

A
  • where most aerobic respiration takes place
  • transfers energy cell needs to work
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8
Q

what are ribosomes?

A

-where proteins are made

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9
Q

name the subcellular structure of the animal cell

A
  1. nucleus
  2. cytoplasm
  3. cell membrane
  4. mitochondria
  5. ribosomes
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10
Q

what is a rigid cell wall of plant cell?

A
  • made of cellulose
  • supports and strengthens
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11
Q

what is the permanent vacuole of plant cell?

A
  • contains cell sap
  • weak solution of sugar and salts
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12
Q

what are chloroplasts of plant cell?

A
  • where photosynthesis occurs
  • contains green chlorophyll
  • absorbs light
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13
Q

name the subcellular structure of the plant cell?

A
  1. rigid cell wall
  2. permanent vacuole
  3. chloroplasts
  4. nucleus
  5. cytoplasm
  6. cell membrane
  7. mitochondria
  8. ribosomes
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14
Q

what are the subcellular structures of the bacterial cell?

A
  1. cytoplasm
  2. cell membrane
  3. cell wall
  4. single circular strand of DNA
  5. small rings of DNA called plasmids
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15
Q

what do light microscopes use to form an image?

A
  • light
  • lenses
  • see individual cells
  • large subcellular structures
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16
Q

what do electron microscopes use to form an image?

A
  • electrons
  • higher magnification
  • higher resolution
  • see smaller things in more detail
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17
Q

what does resolution mean?

A
  • ability to distinguish
  • between two points
  • higher gives sharper image
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18
Q

how can you calculate the magnification?

A

magnification=image size

real size

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19
Q

how do you prepare your slide to use a microscope?

A
  1. drop water middle of clean slide
  2. cut onion seperate layers, use tweezers peel off some epidermal tissue
  3. drop iodine solution
  4. place cover slip ontop, upright on slide, next to water droplet
  5. carefully tilt and lower cover specimen
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20
Q

why should there be no airbubbles on your slide to use under a microscope?

A

-obstruct view of specimen

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21
Q

how do you use a light microscope to look at your slide?

A
  1. clip slide onto stage
  2. select lowest-powered objective lens
  3. use coarse adjustment knob to move stage up to it
  4. look down eyepiece, use coarse adjustment knob image roughly in focus
  5. adjust focus with fine adjustment knob for clear image
  6. for greater magnification, swap to higher-powered objective lens and refocus
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22
Q

what is cell differentiation?

A
  • cell develops different subcellular structures
  • changes cell
  • become specialised for its job
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23
Q

differentiation ability in animal cells

A
  • lost at early stage
  • after specialised
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24
Q

differentiation ability in plant cells

A

-never lost

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25
Q

cells that differentiate in mature animals is mainly used for…

A
  • repairing
  • replacing cells
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26
Q

what are stem cells?

A
  • undifferentiated cells
  • divide to produce lots more
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27
Q

what are sperm cells specilaised for?

A

reproduction

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28
Q

what is the function of the sperm cell?

A

-male DNA to female DNA

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29
Q

how are sperm cells specialised for reproduction?

A
  • long tail and streamlined head help swim to egg
  • lots of mitochondria provides energy needed
  • enzymes in head to digest through egg cell membrane
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30
Q

what are nerve cells specialised for?

A

-rapid signalling

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31
Q

what is the function of nerve cells?

A

-carry electrical signals throughout body

32
Q

how are nerve cells specialised?

A
  • long to cover more distance
  • branched connections at end to connect to others
  • from network throughout body
33
Q

what are muscle cells specialised for?

A

-contractions

34
Q

what is the function of muscle cells?

A

-contract quickly

35
Q

how are muscle cells specialised for contraction?

A
  • long more space to contract
  • lots of mitochondria provide energy needed
36
Q

what are root hair cells specialised for?

A

-absorbing water and minerals

37
Q

what are root hair cells?

A
  • on surface of plant roots
  • grows into long hair sthat stick out into soil
38
Q

how are root hair cells specialised for water and mineral absorption from the soil?

A

-long hairs give plant big surface area

39
Q

what are phloem and xylem cells specialised for?

A

-transporting substances

40
Q

what are the functions of phloem and xylem cells?

A
  • form phloem and xylem tubes
  • transportfood and water around plants
41
Q

how are phloem and xylem cells specialised for transporting substances?

A
  • form tubes cell long joined end to end
  • xylem cells: hollow in centre
  • phloem cells: very few subcellular strucrure for more flow
42
Q

what are chromosomes?

A
  • contains genetic material
  • found in nucleus
  • coiled up lengths of DNA molecules
43
Q

what do chromosomes carry?

A
  • large number of genes
  • control development of characteristics
  • body cells have two copies of each chromosome from mum and dad

-

44
Q

how many chromosomes are in a human cell?

A

-23 pairs

45
Q

what is the cell cycle?

A
  • makes new cells for growth
  • development
  • and repair
46
Q

what is stage 1: growth and DNA replication?

A
  1. DNA spread out in long strings
  2. before division, cell has to grow/increase amount of subcellular structures e,g mitochondria and ribosomes
  3. duplicates DNA for each new cell forms X-shaped chromosomes
  4. each arm exact duplicate of other
47
Q

what is stage 2: mitosis?

A
  1. chromosomes line up centre of cell, cell fibres pull them apart, arms go opposite ends
  2. membrane forms around chromosomes becoming nuclei
  3. cytoplasm and cell membrane divide
  4. two new daughter cells produced
48
Q

what are daughter cells in mitosis?

A
  • contains exact same DNA
  • identical to the parent cell
49
Q

what is binary fission?

A

-prokaryotic cells reproduce

50
Q

what are the steps to binary fission?

A
  1. circular DNA and plasmids replicate
  2. cell gets bigger, circular DNA strands move to opposite poles of cell
  3. cytoplasm divides and new cell walls form
  4. two daughter cells produced
51
Q

what are daughter cells in binary fission?

A
  • each has one copy of circular DNA
  • variable number of copies of plasmids
52
Q

what conditions do bacteria need to divide very quickly?

A
  • warm environment
  • lots of nutrients
53
Q

how can you use the mean division time to calculate the number of bacteria in a population?

A
  1. divide total time bacteria is producing cells by mean division time
  2. gives number of divisions
  3. multiply 2 to power of number of divisions
54
Q

what is bacteria grown in?

A

-culture medium

55
Q

what is a culture medium?

A
  • contains carbs, minerals,proteins, vitamins bacteria needs to grow
  • nutrient both solution
  • or agar jelly
56
Q

how do bacteria behave when grown on agar plates?

A
  • forms visible colonies on surface of jelly
  • or spreads out to give even covering of bacteria
57
Q

how do you make an agar plate?

A
  • hot agar jelly poured into Petri dishes
  • when cooled and set, inoculating loops used to transfer microorganisms to culture medium
  • or sterile dropping pipette and spreader even covering
  • microorganisms then multiply
58
Q

how are cultures of microorganisms kept at school?

A
  • below 25ºC
  • harmful pathogens likley grow above this temp
59
Q

how are cultures of microorganisms kept at industrial conditions?

A
  • incubated at higher temp
  • grow faster
60
Q

how can you investigate the effect of antibiotics on becaterial growth?

A
  1. place paper dics soaked in different types/concentrations of antibiotics on agar plate of even covering of bacteria, leave space between
  2. soak paper disc in sterile water
  3. antibiotic diffuse into jelly, antibiotic-resistant bacteria continues to grow but non-resistant strains will die leaving inhibition zone
  4. leave plate for 48h at 25ºC
  5. more effective antibiotic, larger inhibition zone
61
Q

whay do we use a control of paper disc soaked in sterile water when investigating the effect of antibiotics on bacterial growth?

A
  • sure that any difference between growth of bacteria around control disc and non-control
  • due to effect of antibiotic alone
62
Q

how do you uncontaminate Petri dishes and culture medium?

A
  • sterilised before use
  • kill unwanted microorganisms
63
Q

how do you uncontaminate an inoculating loop?

A
  • sterilised before use
  • passing through hot flame
64
Q

how do you make sure the Petri dish doesn’t become contaminated during use?

A
  • after transfer bacteria
  • lightly tape on lid
  • stop microorganisms from air getting in
65
Q

how do you prevent condensation in the Petri dish?

A
  • store upside down
  • stops drops of condensation falling onto agar surface
66
Q

where can stem cells be found?

A
  • early human embryos
  • have potential to turn into different types of cells
67
Q

where do adults have stem cells?

A
  • bone marrow
  • can’t turn into any type of cell
  • only blood cells
68
Q

how are adult stem cells used in medicine to cure disease?

A
  • stem cells transferred from bone marrow of healthy person
  • replace faulty blood cells in patient
69
Q

how are embryonic stem cells used to cure people?

A
  • replace faulty cells in sick ppl
  • insulin-producing cells for diabetes
  • nerve cells for paralysis by spinal injuries
70
Q

what is therapeutic cloning?

A
  • embryo made with same genetic info as patient
  • stem cells won’t be rejected by patient’s body
71
Q

what risks are there in therapeutic cloning?

A
  • stem cells grown in lab may become contaminated with virus
  • passed on to patient making them sicker
72
Q

why are some people against stem cell research?

A
  • human embryos shouldn’t be used as experiments
  • potential human life
  • some countries banned
  • UK: must follow strict guidelines
73
Q

why are some people for stem cell research?

A
  • curing existing patient suffering more important than rights of embryos
  • unwanted embryos from fertility clinics used otherwise destroyed
  • scientists should concentrate on finding and developing other sources so ppl can be helped without using embryos
74
Q

where are stem cells found in plants?

A
  • meristems
  • throughout plant’s life cells can differentiate
75
Q

what can meristems be used for?

A
  • produce clones of whole plants quickly and cheaply
  • grow more plants of rare species
  • grow crops of identical plants that have desired features for farmers e.g disease resistance

Biology year 10 (10 decks)

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