Organics comp. U2.2, 3

Question 1

Macromolecules: polymers and monomers

Answer 1

Monomers - Polymers - Union type
Monosaccharides - Carbohydrates - Glycosidic bond
Fatty Acids - Lipids - Ester bonds
Amino acid - Proteins - Peptide bond
Nucleotides - Nucleic acids - Phosphodiester bond

Question 2

Carbohydrates (CHO)
Function: Store and obtein energy (glucose); Forms fundamental structures; Constitutes genetic material and ATP
- High Glucose in blood = insulin (stimulated glycogen formation)
- Low Glucose in blood = Glucagon (Stimulated glycogen degradation)

Answer 2

Types: Monosaccharides (3 to 7 C, ex: Pentose: Deoxyribose ADN), Oligosaccharides (Disaccharide: Lactose (galactose), Sucrose (fructose), Maltose (glucose x2)), Polysaccharides (Glycogen and Starch, energy reserve; Cellulose and Chitin, structural)
Mono: Soluble in water, are sweet, don’t undergo hydrolysis
Oligo: 2 to 10 mono, dehydration synthesis
Poly: Insoluble in water, undergo hydrolysis, aren’t sweet

Question 3

Lipids (ester, fatty acids, alcohol)
Lipids are apolar and water is polar (are hydrofobic)
Dehydration syntesis
Functions:
- Structural = plasma membrane base (phospholipids)
- Energy and mechanical protection
- Thermal and Electrical insulation
- Endocrine (hormonal regulation)
- Waterproofing
- Vitamin chargers

Answer 3

Classification:
- Simples: Glycerides (ac. saturated and unsaturated); Wax (waterproofing, protection structures); Steroid (choresterol base, formation hormones, composes cell membrane, calciferol former)
Choresterol good HDL = takes it from tissues to liver, promotes LDL excretion.
Choresterol bad LDL = from liver to tissues, excess accumulates in the blood, blocks the flow
- Complexes: Phospholipids (amphiphilic); Carotenoids (provides colors, vitamin formation, photosynthesis); Sphingolipids ( lipids + proteins, electrical insulator of neurons

Question 4

Proteins (amina + acid)
Function: Metabolic formation and regulation
Binding of amino acids by synthesis of dehydration, peptide bond
Denaturalization (form and function changed) by temperature or pH

Answer 4

Types of amino acids:
Essential 9, No essential 11
Semi naturals (Histidine and Arginine)
Types of proteins:
- Simples (only proteins)
- Complex (proteins + prostatic group)
Other functions: Structural (cytoskeleton), Adhesion (collagen), Energy (calf or vitelo), Regulator (hormones), Defense (antibody), Enzimatic (catalyst), Transporter (hemoglobin)

Question 5

Nucleic Acids: DNA, RNA
Function: Store and transmit information
Nitrogenous bases: Purine (Adenine, Guanine) and Pyrimidine (Cytosine, Uracil, Thymine).

Answer 5

• DNA
  2 chains, double helice (A-T, G-C), helical shape
  Hydrogen bond, Phosphodiester bond
• RNA
  Function: Synthesis of proteins
  1 chain, helical shape
  Types of RNA: RNAm (transcription); RNAt (serch and transport amino acids); RNAr (ribosome formation and synthesis of proteins)

Question 6

Vitamins: amines vital for life
Characteristics: undigested, non-energetic, minimum dose, co-enzymes (B,K complex), organisms don’t produce vitamins (except D an K)
Functions: Hormonal regulation, Enzyme activator, tissue formation, cellular antioxidant

Answer 6

Types:
– Liposoluble –
- A (Retinol), vision black and white, nocturne blind
- D (Calciferol), Absorption of Ca and P
- K (Phylloquinone), Responsible of coagulation
- E (Tocopherols), hormonal level, antioxidant, participates on physiological processes
– Hidrosolubles –
- C (Ascorbic acid), Iron absorption, antioxidant, synthesis of collagen
- B complex, B1 (Thiamine), B2 (Riboflavin), B3 (Niacin), B9 (Folate Acid), B12 (Cobalamin)

Question 7

Cellular Theory: Endosymbiosis, por Lynn Margulis

Answer 7

Eukaryotic cells, born by the symbiosis of free living bacteria
- Arqueobacteria and a flagellate bacteria.
- Bacteria consume O2
- Bacteria consume C02
Arguments: They have double membranes, their own DNA, self-duplication power, ribosomes and RNA

Question 8

Classification of living beings:
Robert Whittaker
5 Kingdoms
- Cell type and organization
- Feeding type

Answer 8

• Monera Kingdom: Unicellular, Autotrophic and heterotroph, ex: bacterias, cyanobacteria, archea
• Protista Kingdom: Unicellular and Multicellular, Autotrophic and heterotroph, ex: protozoarios, seaweed
• Animalia Kingdom: Pluricellular and Multicellular, Heterotroph, ex: vertebrae and invertebrate
• Fungi Kingdom: Pluricellular and Unicellular, Heterotroph, ex: fungi and yeasts
• Plantae Kingdom: Pluricellular, Autotrophic, ex: mosses, pines

Question 9

Cassification living beings:
Carlos Woese
3 domains
- Cellular type
- Cellular type and organization
- Callular wall
- Type of alimentation

Answer 9

Archea: Prokaryota
Bacteria: Prokaryota
Eukarya: Eukaryota

Question 10

Taxonomy: Morfology, Anatomy, Biochemistry, etc
Sistematic: Phenetics (Phenotypicaly similars)
Phylogeny: observed heritable traits, making phylogenetics trees

Answer 10

Classification sistems:
Artificial
Naturals