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chemistry 3/4 > organics > Flashcards

organics Flashcards

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1
Q

saturated

A

only single to single carbon bonds

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2
Q

alkanes

A

saturated hydrocarbon
- CnH2n+2
-arranged often in linear chains or sometimes branched

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3
Q

alkenes

A

unsaturated
- CnH2n
- not pack as much bc kink from double bond

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4
Q

alkyne

A

unsaturated
- triple bond
- CnH2n-2

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5
Q

haloalkanes

A

replace one or more of hydrogen atoms in carbon chain with a halogen (group 7 )
- polar bonds
- substitution

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6
Q

amines

A

–NH2 functional group
-nitrogen bonds to alkyl group
- amines has suffix amino
- forms H bonds

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7
Q

primary amides

A

CONH2

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8
Q

alcohol

A

hydroxyl functional group -OH

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9
Q

difference w ketones and aldehydes

A

aldehyde on terminal C hw ketone in middle

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10
Q

functional group ketone and aldehyde

A

carbonyl CO

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11
Q

carboxyllic acid

A

COOH - carboxyl group

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12
Q

ester naming

A

acid - oate
alcohol - yll
alcohol- acid

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13
Q

naming compounds

A

comma - seperate numbers
dash- seperate number w word

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14
Q

alkane ->haloalkane

A

halogen and UV light

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15
Q

haloalkane to alcohol

A

NaOH or KOH

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16
Q

haloalkane to amine

A

excess NH3
ethanol solution

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17
Q

primary alcohol - aldehyde- carboxyllic acid

A

H+
MnO4(-) or Cr2O7(2-)

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18
Q

what type of alcohol forms a carboxyllic acid

A

primary

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19
Q

secondary alcohol to ketone

A

H+
MnO4(-) or Cr2O7(2-)

20
Q

alcohol and carb acid to ester

A
  • condensation reaction (chemical elimination of water0
    -conc. H2SO4
21
Q

hydrolysis of water

A

ester and water (with H+) forms acid and alcohol

22
Q

types of addition reactions

A

hydrogenation
hydrohalogenation
halogenation
hydration

23
Q

alkene to alkane

A

hydrogenation
- Ni catalyst and 150 degrees celsius and H2

24
Q

alkene to haloalkane

A

room temp and H- halogen
hydrohalogenation

25
Q

alkene to alcohol

A

H3PO4 catalyst , H20 (g) , 300 degrees C

26
Q

atom economy

A

MR desired product / MR all reactants X100

alternative = mass desired /mass all products X100

27
Q

forms of isomer

A

-structural : chain, positional, functional
-stereoisomers: cis and trans and enantiomers

28
Q

structural isomer definition

A

-atoms arranged in different order
-different physical and chemical properties if the contain different functional groups

29
Q

stereoisomer definition

A

atoms connected by same order but orientated differently in space

30
Q

chain isomer

A

different branching in carbon chain

31
Q

positional isomer

A

different positions of functional group

32
Q

functional isomer

A

same atoms but different functional groups

33
Q

what form of hydrocarbon are cis and trans

A

alkenes

34
Q

cis and trans isomers

A
  • formed when two different groups on each of C atoms in C-C double bond
    -cis = both groups on same side of double bond
    -trans=groups on different sides of double bonds
35
Q

what are optical isomers

A

enantiomers

36
Q

enantiomers

A
  • different placement of groups around 1 atom in a molecule - look identical
    -are chiral - mirror images and non-superimposable
37
Q

chirality

A

-asymmetric carbon atom or chiral centre - non superimposable on mirror image
- not symmetrical
- has a chiral centre

38
Q

what is a chiral centre

A

chiral carbon atom is bonded to 4 different atoms or groups

39
Q

enantiomers and chiral centres

A

2^n - for every cc there are 2 enantiomers

40
Q

intermolecular bonding

A

hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole , dispersion

41
Q

why is BP of heptane higher than ethane

A

Because heptane is a much larger molecule(C7H16) than ethane(C2H6) it has significantly more dispersion forces acting between its molecules. This means that there is greater electrostatic attraction between heptane molecules than ethane. Hence more energy is required to disrupt the bonds between heptane molecules than ethane, leading to a higher boiling point.

42
Q

decane has higher BP than 4-ethyl-2,3-dimethylhexane

A

Because decane has a linear arrangement compared to the branched structure of 4‐ethyl‐2,3‐dimethylhexane, its molecules are able to align/pack more effectively. This means that there is greater electrostatic attraction between decane molecules. Hence more energy is required to disrupt the bonds between decane molecules than 4‐ethyl‐2,3‐dimethylhexane, leading to a higher boiling point.

43
Q

why is BP of heptane higher than hept-1-ene

A

The presence of the C=C inhept‐1‐ene means that there is a slight kink in the chain around the C=C double bond. This means that the hept‐1‐ene molecules don’t pack as closely together as the heptane molecules. Hence more energy is required to disrupt the bonds between heptane than hept‐1‐ene molecules, resulting in a higher boiling point.

44
Q

why is ethanol BP higher than ethanal

A

Ethanol and ethanal are similar sized molecules with similar levels of dispersion forces between molecules. However, ethanol contains an–OH group which is capable of forming hydrogen bonds with other OHgroups of other ethanol molecules. Ethanal is not able to form H‐bonds between its’ molecules, only dipole‐dipole interactions are able to occur. This is because there is much lower difference in electronegativity between C and O of the carbonyl group of the aldehyde than there is between the O and the H of ethanol.

45
Q

viscosity

A

measure of resistance to flow of a liquid - affected by intermolecular forces and shaoes

46
Q

flashpoint

A

Flashpoint is the lowest temperature at which the vapours of a liquid will ignite in the presence of oxygen and an ignition source

47
Q

When comparing leucine and aspartic acid, which amino acid will have the highest solubility in water.

A

Leucine is a slightly larger molecule which means it will have more dispersion forces but because the R group section is non‐polar it will not form any significant attraction to water molecules. On the other hand, aspartic acid’s R group contains a shorter non‐polar region and a carboxyl group capable of forming H‐bonds with water. Hence aspartic acid will show more solubility in water.

chemistry 3/4 (8 decks)

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