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A level chemistry > Organics 1 > Flashcards

Organics 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

hydrocarbon

A

a compound made of entirely hydrogen and carbon

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2
Q

catenation

A

the ability to form bonds between atoms of the same element

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3
Q

COOH group

A

carboxylic acid group

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4
Q

NH2 group

A

amine group

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5
Q

C triple bond N group

A

Nitrile group

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6
Q

C-O-C group

A

ether group

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7
Q

H
/
C=O group

A

aldehyde group

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8
Q

O
//
C-C-C group

A

ketone group

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9
Q

COOR group

A

ester group

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10
Q

COCl group

A

acyl chloride

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11
Q

CONH2 group

A

amide

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12
Q

SOOOH group

A

sulphonic acid

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13
Q

structural isomerism

A

compounds have the same molecular formula but a different structural arrangement of their atoms.

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14
Q

stereoisomerism

A

compounds have the same molecular
formula but a different spatial arrangement of their atoms.

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15
Q

chain isomerism

A

a structural isomerism where there are different arrangements of molecules on the carbon skeleton eg: pentane and 2-dimethyl propane

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16
Q

positional isomerism

A

a structural isomerism where there are different positions of the same functional group on a molecule. eg: 1-chloropropane and 2-chloropropane

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17
Q

functional group isomerism

A

a structural isomerism where different positions of atoms cause different functional groups. eg: dimethyl ether and ethanol

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18
Q

geometric isomerism

A

a stereoisomerism where there are different substituents around a bond with limited rotation eg: cis-2butene and trans-2butene

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19
Q

what molecules can have geometric isomers

A

2 carbon double bonded atoms with different substituent groups attached

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20
Q

E isomer

A

Trans isomer, highest priority groups on opposite sides

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21
Q

Z isomer

A

Cis isomer, highest priority groups on same side

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22
Q

how to determine highest priority group in E/Z isomers

A

atomic number, atomic weight, second atom

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23
Q

reaction mechanism

A

the series of steps that the reagents undergo during a chemical reaction.

24
Q

substitution reaction

A

A chemical reaction during which one
functional group in a chemical compound
is replaced by another functional group.

25
Q

elimination reaction

A

A chemical reaction where several atoms
either in pairs or groups are removed from a molecule.

26
Q

addition reaction

A

a chemical reaction in which one molecule combines with another to form a larger molecule with no other products

27
Q

how do free radicals form

A

homolytic fission by UV light

28
Q

free radical

A

an atom with one or more unpaired electrons

29
Q

free radical substitution

A

chemical reactions where a free radical replaces another functional group in the compound.

30
Q

termination 2- free radical sub

A

Two alkyl free radicals can combine to make an alkane.

31
Q

Propagation 1- free radical sub

A

The halogen free radical reacts with the
alkane to generate alkyl free radicals.

32
Q

Initiation- free radical sub

A

A free radical is generated.

33
Q

propagation 2- free radical sub

A

The newly formed alkyl free radical can react to make more free radicals.

34
Q

termination 1- free radical sub

A

The halogen free radical can combine with the
alkyl free radical to make a haloalkane.

35
Q

conditions for free radical sub

A

UV light and excess of substance used to form free radical

36
Q

what overlap do pi bonds have

A

sideways overlap

37
Q

what overlap do sigma bonds have

A

head on overlap

38
Q

double bond

A

consists of a pi bond and sigma bond, therefore is more electron dense

39
Q

electrophile

A

a chemical species that forms bonds with nucleophiles by accepting an electron pair

40
Q

nucleophile

A

a chemical species that forms bonds with electrophiles by donating an electron pair

41
Q

hydration of alkenes forms and conditions

A

alcohols, phosphoric acid catalyst, 300 celcius and 60atm

42
Q

hydrogenation of alekenes forms, and conditions

A

alkanes, nickel catalyst, 150 celcius

43
Q

halogenation of alkenes forms

A

dihaloalkane

44
Q

polymerisation of alkenes forms

A

poly(alkene)

45
Q

which carbon does the hydrogen bond to in electrophillic addition

A

the C=C atom with the highest number of H atoms

46
Q

polymer

A

a larger molecule made up of many similar smaller molecules (monomers) which are repeated over and over.

47
Q

polymer properties

A

strong, high melting point, unreactive and not biodegradeable

48
Q

addition polymerisation

A

activator free radical attacks the alkene to form alkoxy free radicals. The alkoxy free radicals can combine at termination to form the polymer

49
Q

haloalkane trends

A

Boiling point increases with increasing chain length. Boiling point increases with increasing size of the halide functional group.

50
Q

boiling point trend and explanation with increasing chain length

A

bp increases, due to increased london forces

51
Q

why are haloalkanes insoluble

A

The energy required to break hydrogen bonds in water is higher than the energy released when new bonds between the haloalkane and water are formed.

52
Q

why are haloalkanes reactive

A

The halogen is more electronegative than the carbon. The halogen attracts the shared
electron pair. The bond is therefore polar.

53
Q

which haloalkanes undergo sn1 reactions

A

tertiary

54
Q

which haloalkanes undergo sn2 reactions

A

primary

55
Q

oxidising agents

A

oxidise other compounds whilst becoming reduced themselves

56
Q

reducing agents

A

reduce other compounds whilst becoming oxidised themselves

57
Q
A

A level chemistry (16 decks)

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