Organics 1 Flashcards
hydrocarbon
a compound made of entirely hydrogen and carbon
catenation
the ability to form bonds between atoms of the same element
COOH group
carboxylic acid group
NH2 group
amine group
C triple bond N group
Nitrile group
C-O-C group
ether group
H
/
C=O group
aldehyde group
O
//
C-C-C group
ketone group
COOR group
ester group
COCl group
acyl chloride
CONH2 group
amide
SOOOH group
sulphonic acid
structural isomerism
compounds have the same molecular formula but a different structural arrangement of their atoms.
stereoisomerism
compounds have the same molecular
formula but a different spatial arrangement of their atoms.
chain isomerism
a structural isomerism where there are different arrangements of molecules on the carbon skeleton eg: pentane and 2-dimethyl propane
positional isomerism
a structural isomerism where there are different positions of the same functional group on a molecule. eg: 1-chloropropane and 2-chloropropane
functional group isomerism
a structural isomerism where different positions of atoms cause different functional groups. eg: dimethyl ether and ethanol
geometric isomerism
a stereoisomerism where there are different substituents around a bond with limited rotation eg: cis-2butene and trans-2butene
what molecules can have geometric isomers
2 carbon double bonded atoms with different substituent groups attached
E isomer
Trans isomer, highest priority groups on opposite sides
Z isomer
Cis isomer, highest priority groups on same side
how to determine highest priority group in E/Z isomers
atomic number, atomic weight, second atom
reaction mechanism
the series of steps that the reagents undergo during a chemical reaction.
substitution reaction
A chemical reaction during which one
functional group in a chemical compound
is replaced by another functional group.
elimination reaction
A chemical reaction where several atoms
either in pairs or groups are removed from a molecule.
addition reaction
a chemical reaction in which one molecule combines with another to form a larger molecule with no other products
how do free radicals form
homolytic fission by UV light
free radical
an atom with one or more unpaired electrons
free radical substitution
chemical reactions where a free radical replaces another functional group in the compound.
termination 2- free radical sub
Two alkyl free radicals can combine to make an alkane.
Propagation 1- free radical sub
The halogen free radical reacts with the
alkane to generate alkyl free radicals.
Initiation- free radical sub
A free radical is generated.
propagation 2- free radical sub
The newly formed alkyl free radical can react to make more free radicals.
termination 1- free radical sub
The halogen free radical can combine with the
alkyl free radical to make a haloalkane.
conditions for free radical sub
UV light and excess of substance used to form free radical
what overlap do pi bonds have
sideways overlap
what overlap do sigma bonds have
head on overlap
double bond
consists of a pi bond and sigma bond, therefore is more electron dense
electrophile
a chemical species that forms bonds with nucleophiles by accepting an electron pair
nucleophile
a chemical species that forms bonds with electrophiles by donating an electron pair
hydration of alkenes forms and conditions
alcohols, phosphoric acid catalyst, 300 celcius and 60atm
hydrogenation of alekenes forms, and conditions
alkanes, nickel catalyst, 150 celcius
halogenation of alkenes forms
dihaloalkane
polymerisation of alkenes forms
poly(alkene)
which carbon does the hydrogen bond to in electrophillic addition
the C=C atom with the highest number of H atoms
polymer
a larger molecule made up of many similar smaller molecules (monomers) which are repeated over and over.
polymer properties
strong, high melting point, unreactive and not biodegradeable
addition polymerisation
activator free radical attacks the alkene to form alkoxy free radicals. The alkoxy free radicals can combine at termination to form the polymer
haloalkane trends
Boiling point increases with increasing chain length. Boiling point increases with increasing size of the halide functional group.
boiling point trend and explanation with increasing chain length
bp increases, due to increased london forces
why are haloalkanes insoluble
The energy required to break hydrogen bonds in water is higher than the energy released when new bonds between the haloalkane and water are formed.
why are haloalkanes reactive
The halogen is more electronegative than the carbon. The halogen attracts the shared
electron pair. The bond is therefore polar.
which haloalkanes undergo sn1 reactions
tertiary
which haloalkanes undergo sn2 reactions
primary
oxidising agents
oxidise other compounds whilst becoming reduced themselves
reducing agents
reduce other compounds whilst becoming oxidised themselves
