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Voice Disorders > Organic Voice Disorders > Flashcards

Organic Voice Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

what are the differences between organic and functional voice disorders?

A

organic: purely organic, typically abnormal anatomy, tissue changes
functional: wholly functional, may have organic factors, typically normal anatomy

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2
Q

functional misuse such as inadequate breath support, hard glottal attacks, and supraglottal squeeze can lead to what?

A

organic changes

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3
Q

what are the organic classifications?

A

congenital (web, laryngomalacia), misuse/abuse (lifestyle: reflux, Reinke’s edema, personality), disease (cancer), trauma (cartilage dislocation)

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4
Q

what are the organic disorders?

A

nodules, polyps, cysts, papilloma, granuloma, contact ulcer, sulcus vocalis, congenital, web, hemmorhage, laryngitis, Reinke’s edema, leukoplakia, cancer

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5
Q

what are vocal nodules?

A

benign mass(es) on medial vf surface(s)

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6
Q

what is the etiology of vocal nodules?

A

misuse/abuse

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7
Q

where do the vocal nodules develop?

A

anterior 2/3 portion, posterior 1/3 portion (nodules develop in this junction)

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8
Q

what are signs/symptoms of vocal nodules?

A

hoarseness, rough voice, increased vocal effort, vocal fatigue/strain, loss of upper range, voice variability, vf edema, hourglass closure, decrease vf vibration, strong personality, hearing loss

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9
Q

why may there be an increase in vf vibration?

A

cells are being brought in to try to heal the problem and increases fluids of the vf

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10
Q

why may there be loss of upper range?

A

during upper ranges, the vf stretch out; with nodules there may not be closure in the back and when the VF stretch they become further apart and lose the high range

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11
Q

why can vocal nodules be bilateral?

A

reactive swelling

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12
Q

what are polyps?

A

soft mass on the vf

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13
Q

are polyps bilateral or unilateral?

A

usually unilateral

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14
Q

what is the etiology of polyps?

A

misuse/abuse

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15
Q

what are the types of polyps?

A

fibrous, hemmorhagic, pedunculated

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16
Q

describe a fibrous polyp.

A

made up of cells inside it; either sessile or the color of mucosa

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17
Q

describe a hemmorhagic polyp.

A

blood vessels have hemmorhaged and bled into polyp; red color ranges

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18
Q

describe a pedunculated polyp.

A

foot-like; there is a stem attaching it to the VF but polyp is moving around. when pt. breathes in to voice, the polyp can get sucked under epiglottis; can be big enough to block the airway

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19
Q

what are signs/symptoms of polyps?

A

hoarseness, rough voice, ↑ vocal effort, vocal fatigue/strain, breathing problems (depending on size), voice variability (especially if pedunculated), vf edema (reactive swelling), throat clearing

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20
Q

what is a cyst?

A

benign opaque mass originating below vf surface

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21
Q

where does a cyst form?

A

below the epithelial area, sometimes into lamina propia layers

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22
Q

what are the etiologies of a cyst?

A

entrapment of vf lining (under the lining) or plugged mucous-secreting gland, vocal misuse/abuse

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23
Q

what is the most common etiology of a cyst?

A

misuse/abuse

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24
Q

do cysts occur bilaterally or unilaterally?

A

unilaterally

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25
Q

what are signs/symptoms of cysts?

A

hoarseness, rough voice, ↑ vocal effort, vocal fatigue/strain, vocal fold edema (reactive swelling), throat clearing

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26
Q

how do you surgically treat cysts?

A

cut vf in and flap it over and remove cyst and put flap back

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27
Q

what is laryngocele?

A

cyst in laryngeal cavity

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28
Q

what is papilloma?

A

HPV wart-like benign growths of the larynx (papillomatisis); can be on VF or false VF or anywhere

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29
Q

what are the etiologies of papilloma?

A

acquired at both, oral sex, unknown

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30
Q

what are the signs/symptoms of papilloma?

A

hoarseness, rough/scratchy voice, cough/throat clear, globus sensation, breathing problems (depending on how much they are obstructing airway), ↓ vf vibration, scarring (recurrent), postules grow on each other

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31
Q

how can a person get papilloma at birth?

A

because the baby comes from birth canal; can get it from mother by ingesting; might not surface right away; can have outbreaks and then it can subsides

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32
Q

what is globus sensation?

A

the feeling that something is there

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33
Q

what does pain for papilloma usually consist of?

A

sorethroat, achy, dry rough feeling

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34
Q

is papilloma removable?

A

the wart growths are removable but the papilloma is still there and can come back

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35
Q

how many strains of HPV are there that cause laryngeal papillomatosis?

A

more than 60

36
Q

what is granuloma?

A

benign growth on vocal process (attach thyrovocalis to arytenoid; back of vf)

37
Q

are granulomas bilateral or unilateral?

A

can be both

38
Q

what are granulomas sometimes classified as?

A

polyps; same family of lesions but different etiologies

39
Q

what are the etiologies of granuloma?

A

LPR (diet, lifestyle), intubation (surgery, coma)

40
Q

what are signs/symptoms of granuloma?

A

globus sensation, heartburn/indigestion (reflux-type), excessive throat clearing, dry cough, post-nasal drip, breathing problems (size-dependent), may be pedunculated

41
Q

how is granuloma treated?

A

PPI (proton pump inhibitor) should typically be taken twice a day (one in the morning 30 minutes before food/drink, the second one later in the day 30 min before dinner)
⁃ there are also H2 blockers

42
Q

what is a contact ulcer?

A

raw sores on mucous membrane overlying vocal process of arytenoid; something alcerating the tissues

43
Q

what are the etiologies of contact ulcers?

A

misuse/abuse, LPR, smoking, intubation

44
Q

what are the symptoms of contact ulcer?

A

hoarseness, globus sensation, mild pain when voicing or swallowing, throat clearing, erythema

45
Q

what is the process of a contact ulcer?

A

start out like raw sores: red, irittated, sometimes white because tissue is in process of being burned

46
Q

what is sulcus vocalis?

A

thinning or absence of superficial lamina propia, creates ditch look on VF

47
Q

what are the etiologies of sulcus vocalis?

A

unknown. could be developmental, genetic, post-hemmorhage cyst

48
Q

what are signs/symptoms of sulcus vocalis?

A

abnormal vibration, may not have voice problems, harsh voice, hoarseness, higher pitch; vf stretched more than normal

49
Q

is sulcus vocalis seen in children?

A

no

50
Q

what is a varyx?

A

blood spot

51
Q

what are congenital organic voice disorders?

A

laryngomalacia, subglottal stenosis, esophageal atresia, tracheoesophageal fistula

52
Q

what is laryngomalacia?

A

cartilages fail to stiffen; collapse of epiglottis into airway, stridor, may outgrow

53
Q

what is subglottal stenosis?

A

narrow subglottal space; arrested development of cricoid cartilage (could collapse if doesnt stiffen); intubation trauma

54
Q

what is esophageal atresia?

A

occlusion of esophagus; could range from the esophagus being occluded to there being no esophagus

55
Q

what is tracheoesophageal fistula?

A

opening between trachea and esophagus; may co-occur with esophageal pouch

56
Q

what is a web?

A

web of tissue across larynx, usually across anterior commissure area; mitomycin C is deterrent

57
Q

what are the etiologies of a web?

A

congenital, post-surgical

58
Q

what are the signs/symptoms of a web?

A

may not have voice problems, usually no problems breathing unless web is large and blocking airway

59
Q

what is a hemmorhage?

A

bleeding into superficial lamina propia

60
Q

what are the etiologies of a hemmorhage?

A

misuse/abuse, medications such as blood thinners (coumadin, aspirin)

61
Q

what are the signs/symptoms of hemmorhage?

A

hoarseness, vf erythema, vf edema, ↓ vf vibration, loss of pitch range, varix (varices)

62
Q

what is vascularity?

A

many blood vessels surfacing and running through VF due to fluid in superficial lamina propia

63
Q

what are varicose?

A

blood spots

64
Q

what is laryngitis?

A

inflammation of VF

65
Q

what are the etiologies of laryngitis?

A

infection, LPR, allergies

66
Q

what are the signs/symptoms of laryngitis?

A

hoarseness, sore throat, dry cough, fever, vf edema, erythema

67
Q

what is treatment for laryngitis?

A

voice rest

68
Q

can laryngitis lead to nodules or other organic disorder?

A

yes

69
Q

what is reinke’s edema?

A

swelling of entire superficial lamina propia (Reinke’s layer)

70
Q

reinke’s edema is also called?

A

polypoid corditis

71
Q

what is the etiology of reinke’s edema?

A

smoking

72
Q

what are signs/symptoms of reinke’s edema?

A

gravelly voice, low pitch, vf edema, impaired breathing, swelling increases mass of vf making them slower

73
Q

what is leukoplakia?

A

white patches/growths on epithelium

74
Q

what are the etiologies of leukoplakia?

A

smoking, chemical exposure

75
Q

what percentage of leukoplakia cases are from chemical exposure?

A

less than 10%

76
Q

what are signs/symptoms of leukoplakia?

A

hoarseness, decreased vf vibration, vf edema

77
Q

is leukoplakia precancerous or cancerous?

A

Can be either. It’s precancerous but can lead to cancer

78
Q

where does cancer occur?

A

can be glottic (larynx-vocal folds), supraglottic, subglottic (rare)

79
Q

what are the the etiologies of cancer?

A

smoking, heavy alcohol consumption, asbestos or chemical exposure

80
Q

what percentage of cancer cases are from chemical exposure?

A

less than 10%

81
Q

what are the signs/symptoms of cancer?

A

hoarseness, rough voice, stabbing pain, strain, difficulty/pain swallowing

82
Q

what percentage of cancer cases are from smoking?

A

over 90%

83
Q

can cancer metastasize to other places?

A

yes

84
Q

what are the etiologies of laryngeal trauma?

A

hit in the neck, weight lifting, foreign bodies

85
Q

can there be hemmorhaging in laryngeal trauma?

A

yes

Voice Disorders (3 decks)

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