A&P (slides 51-66) Flashcards
What are the aryepiglottic folds?
folds of mucous membrane which enclose ligamentous and muscular fibers
Where do the aryepiglottic folds extend from?
the sides of the epiglottis to the apexes of the arytenoid cartilages
What do the aryepiglottic folds form?
the entrance to the larynx
What do the aryepiglottic folds connect?
the arytenoids and the epiglottis
How many layers of tissue are the vocal folds composed of?
5
What are the layers of the vocal folds?
thin sheet of squamous epithelium (gives VFs glistening white appearance), lamina propia (3 different tissues), thyrovocalis muscle
what are the three layers of the lamina propia?
superficial, intermediate, deep
what layers make up the vocal ligament?
intermediate and deep layer of the lamina propia
what are the ventricular folds also called?
false vocal folds or vestibular folds
where are the ventricular folds located?
above the true vocal folds
are the ventricular folds used in normal phonation?
NO
Innervation to the larynx occurs through which cranial nerves? (motor and sensory)
Motor: Vagus (X)-Recurrent laryngeal nerve
Sensory: Glossopharyngeal (IX), Internal laryngeal (X) above the false vocal folds, RLN (X) below the false vocal folds
what is the laryngeal function of respiration?
breathing for life; opens glottis
how does the larynx provide protection?
- with the cough reflex: closes then opens glottis with help of respiratory system
- during swallowing: closes glottis with help of respiratory system
what is the laryngeal function of phonation with voice?
close/open glottis and adjust vocal fold tension
describe the vibratory cycle of the vocal folds
1 Column of air pressure moves upward towards vfs in “closed” position
2, 3 Column of air pressure opens bottom of vibrating layers of vfs; body of vfs stays in place
4, 5 Column of air pressure continues to move upward, now towards the top of vfs, and opens the top
6–10 The low pressure created behind the fast-moving air column produces a Bernoulli effect which causes the bottom to close, followed by the top. Closure of the vocal folds cuts off the air column and releases a pulse of air
Describe the Bernoulli Effect.
at a constant volume flow of air, at a point of constriction, low pressure = high velocity of flow
-explains vocal fold vibration
Is the Bernoulli Effect a muscular event?
NO
What are the part of the larynx that are involved in breathing and vocalizations?
arytenoid cartilage (vocal processes, muscular process), vocal folds
What does the lateral cricothyroid (LCA) do?
adducts the arytenoid cartilages to close the glottis
What are movements of the arytenoids?
adduction, abduction, anterior-posterior sliding, medial-lateral sliding
what do the thyroarytenoids (TA) do?
pull the arytenoid cartilages forward, loosening the vocal folds
what does the posterior cricothyroid (PCA) do?
rotates the arytenoid cartilages laterally (abduct), causing the vocal folds to separate from one another, opening the glottis
what does the cricothyroid (CT) muscle do?
rotates the thyroid cartilage forward around an axis through the cricothyroid joint.
This action stretches the vocal cord,
thereby tensing it (amount of tension depends on pitch desired)
what are the forces/properties of phonation?
- subglottal pressure
- tissue elasticity (vfs) myoelastic-aerodynamic theory
- constriction of airflow; bernoulli effect
- laryngeal muscles
mens’ average fundamental frequency?
110 Hz
womens’ average fundamental frequency?
180-220 Hz
kids average fundamental frequency?
300 Hz
Pitch=?
F0 (Hz)
Loudness=?
intensity/amplitude (dB)
what instruments are used to measure pitch?
MDVP, TF32
what instruments measure loudness?
Sound Pressure Level (SPL) meter, LSVT Companion software
what is resonation?
filters sound through vocal tract
