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Organic Viticulture Flashcards

1
Q

Since when has organic farming existed?

A

1910

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2
Q

How much organic farming area is currently available worldwide?

A

2%

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3
Q

How much organic wine-growing area do we currently have in Germany?

A

13.7%, 13800 ha

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4
Q

Who are the top three counrties with the largest areas of organic agricultural land? (in 2022) Where does Germany rank?

A
  1. Austrailia
  2. India
  3. Argentina
  4. Germany
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5
Q

Countries with the highest share of organically farmed land (in 2022) and whew is Germany ranked?

A
  1. Liechtenstein (43%)
  2. Austria (27%)
  3. Estonia (21%)
  4. Germany (11%)
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6
Q

What country has the largest market for organic food

A

USA, Germany second

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7
Q

The rapid development of the organically managed area since 2013 is mainly due to:

A

the organically managed grasslands.

as opposed to farmland and perennial (grapes) culture

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8
Q

What is the percentage of organically managed vineyard area worldwide?
And where does the majority of it exist?

A

8.3%
562000 ha

in Europe

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9
Q

What is the goal of the European Green Deal in reguards to percentage of organic farming

A

have more than 25% organic farming by 2030

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10
Q

What is the strongest Organic certification in Germany

A

ECOVIN

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11
Q

Explain the Colombian Exchange

A

-An exchange between the Old World and New World of crops (wheat, barley, potatoes, tomatoes, grapevine)

-Fertilizers like guano were imported Europe

-Agricultural production per farm drastically increased

-Over production lead to erosion, loss of soil fertility, yield loss due to improper use of fertilizers, and new plant diseases

-Food quality declined

-Over supply of nitrogen led to poor seed quality, famers couldn’t produce seeds

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12
Q

What were the three main diseases introduced with the Columbian Exchange and how were they treated

A

Powdery Mildew, Downy Mildew, Phylloxera

PM & DM: Bordeaux mixture (copper/sulfur)
PHY: grafting

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13
Q

When was organic viticulture developed in Germany and the EU

A

In 1985, the first rules + production standards were developed in Geisenheim

At the same time ECOVIN developed national guidelines for Germany

In 1991, the first EU-wide regulation was adopted

Most recent law 2018

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14
Q

What are the 2 objectives of soil management in organic viticulture

A
  1. Protect and preserve the soil and water quality
  2. Increase and maintain the soil fertility and biological activity
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15
Q

Soil fertility is the ability of the soil to do these three things:

A

-store plant nutrients and release them when plant needs

-supply plants with soil water and soil air

-enable optimal root growth through biological activity and the conversion of organic matter

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16
Q

What are the 6 key functions of biological soil management?

A
  1. Diversification of plants (no monoculture)
  2. Improvement of soil structure and aeration through biological loosening for root penetration
  3. Nitrogen supply from legumes
  4. Humus formation and food for soil organisms
  5. Habitat maintenance (flowers attracting beneficial insects)
  6. Improved vine health through anti-phytopathogenic potential
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17
Q

What are the benefits of using various types of grass as cover crops?

A

-Prevention of erosion
-Simple to manage
-Easy to mechanize on steep slopes
-Shallow root sysyem

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18
Q

What are the benefits of using a diverse cover crop?

A

-High biodiversity
-Nitrogen fixation
-Beneficial insects (non-beneficial as well)
-Large production of organic material
-Deep root systems
-Prevention of erosion

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19
Q

Name the soil particle types and their sizes

A

Stone: Diameter > 2mm
Sand: Diameter from 0.063 mm to 2 mm
Silt: Diameter from 0.002 mm to 0.063 mm
Clay: Diameter less than 2 µm

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20
Q

Explain the difference soil management systems and cover croping strategies

A

SMS: overall approach to maintaining soil health.
-Can be conventional, organic, regenerative, etc.

CCS: specific plant-based methods within a soil management
-Legume cover crops, grass cover crops, permanent or part-time cover crops etc.

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21
Q

Describe a cover crop solution for a deep, clay/loam soil with high water retention and 600mm of percipitation annually:

A

Full surface permanent cover crop
(if necessary, with melioration)

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22
Q

Melioration

A

Refers to the improvement of soil to enhance productivity.

Physical, chemical, or biological techniques to optimize soil fertility, structure, and water management

Such as deep-rooting cover crops that break up compacted soil, or cover crops that enhance nutrient cycling

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23
Q

Describe a cover crop solution for a medium heavy sandy clay soil with 300-600 mm percipitation annually:

A

One row of permanent vegetation and another row with winter cover crops

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24
Q

Describe a cover crop solution for a light, shallow, sandy/gravely soil, or a soil on a steep slope with 300-400 mm percipitation annually:

A

Full surface winter cover cropping (erosion protections)
Full surface soil cultivation in summer with possible straw coverage

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25
What are the two times of year that you potentially can sow cover crops
-Spring: spring/early summer cover crop -Fall, after harvest: winter cover crop
26
What are the 4 main objectives of cover cropping in organic viticulture?
1. Diversification of monoculture -beneficial insects -increase biodiversity 2. Formation of humus -binding of carbon, climate protections -more root penetration -food for soil life 3. Nitrogen supply for the vines -legumes -avoidance of external outputs 4. Maintain soil fertility -replacement of crop rotation (since we can't with vines) -improvement of soil structure (nutriend and water holding capacity) -erosion control
27
Explain the differences between perennial, melioration, and conversion mixtures used for cover crops and give examples:
Perennial Mixtures: -long lived plants that grow for multiple seasons. -prevent erosion, enhance microbes, and improve soil structure -clover, ryegrass, alfalfa Melioration Mixtures: -designed to improve soil conditions such as fertility, aeration, and water retention -deep rooting plants, enhance nutrient cycling -radish, mustard, lupins, legumes Conversion Mixtures: -used during the transition period between switching from conventional to organic, or on fallows -restors soil health, improve biodiversity, suppress weeds -mixture of annuals and perennials -fast growing -clover, buckwheat, cereals
28
What are the tasks of legumes in a cover crop mixture? And give examples
-Binding of nitrogen -Intensifying the root system -bean -pea -lupin -vetch -clover -alfalfa
29
What are the tasks of crucifers in a cover crop mixture? And give examples
-Intensify rooting system -Biomass formation -radish -mustard -rapeseed
30
What are the tasks of cereals in a cover crop mixture? And give examples
-Biomass formation -Support for legumes -rye -wheat -barley -oats
31
What are the tasks of grasses in a cover crop mixture? And give examples
-Practibility on steep slopes -erosion protection -rye grass, bentgrass
32
What are the tasks of herbs in a cover crop mixture? And give examples
-Species enrichment -Increasing flowering species -buckwheat -mallow
33
What is the relationship between rhizobium bacteria and legumes, define it and then explain how it works
-Rhizobium bacteria form a symbiotic relationship with legume plants -Allowing them to fix atmospheric nitrogen into a form usable by plants -Occurs in root nodules -Legumes release chemicals from their roots that attract Rhizobium bacteria -The bacteria enter the root hair cells through infection threads -Root nodules form as outgrowths on the legume roots, housing the bacteria -Inside the nodules, the bacteria transform into bacteroids, which can fix nitrogen
34
What are the 2 significant implications of the rhizobium and legume symbiosis?
-legumes can grow without the need of N fertilizers -legumes can produce high protein seeds and enrich the soil with N
35
What are the main strategies when composing a cover crop mixture?
-Must correspond to desired application goal (perennial, melioration, or conversion mixtures) -Should be diverse: at least three different plant types, and at least one legume -Half the plants should be deep rooted -At least one quick germinator to ensure ground cover -Short, medium, and tall species should be included to create layer heights -Use site specific suitability for precipitation
36
At what stage of cover crop growth should the plants remain untouched
Until the flowering period of the main cover crop, the mixture should remain undisturbed (at this time the main root growth of the plants is usually completed)
37
What are the benefits of using a roller-crimpter to manage a cover crop
-it creates a natural mulch layer -mineralization of roots and bent shoots is promoted -water consumption is reduced -the plant seeds are still present and can germinate next season -the fauna is much more protected than with mowing or mulching (low vegetation such as grasses are not suitable for rolling)
38
In what two phenological stages of vine development is nitrogen needed the most
-bloom (the most needed) -veraison
39
What is the average time it takes for cover crops to mineralize and start to add nitrogen to the soil, and when is it most important to do?
4 to 6 weeks, depending on conditions important to do before bloom (when most nitrogen is needed)
40
The higher the humus content, the (higher or lower) the potential of nitrogen mineralization
higher
41
What are the main reasons to manage the under vine area plant growth
control vegetation to avoid: -water and nutrient competition Leave vegetation to: -increase shading
42
What are the types of disease management treatments are allowed in organic viticulture, when and what is used?
-Preventative treatments are the only option (surface-protective only) -Systemic fungicides are not allowed Protective agents copper, sulfur, plant extracts must be applied before infection
43
What is copper used to treat?
downy mildew, Plasmopara viticola
44
What is sulfur used to treat?
powdery mildew, Erysiphe necator
45
Are pheromones allowed in organic viticulture?
Yes, even though they are synthesized, they do not directly touch the plants
46
What is commonly added to sulfur for fungal treatment, what is the benefit and how does it work?
Potassium bicarbonate Benefit: allows for less sulfur application -changes the pH, dehydrating the spores and mycelium -POTENTIALLY effects Botrytis cinerea
47
Is organic viticulture more or less expensive than conventional
Less expensive Even though there are typically more frequent applications, the lower costs of the single agents makes it cheaper
48
How is powdery mildew spread within the growing season?
The fungus of the leaves, shoots, and berries produces conidia that are spread by wind
49
How is powdery mildew spread during the winter and spring?
Spores overwinter in dormant buds or in cleistothecia, buds give rise to shoots Ascospores are released in the spring
50
Describe powdery mildew symptoms -what parts can be infected? -how does it impact those parts? -when is it a threat?
-all GREEN parts can be infected -leaves show white powder fungal growth on upper and lower surface -leaf growth slows -photosynthetic activity is blocked -leaves crinkle and fall off -infected inflorescence may reduce fruitset infected berry: -growth slows -they may split and expose seeds -off flavors Threat: ALWAYS a threat during growing season
51
At what temperatures does powdery mildew growth excel?
Its the good weather fungus, it wants rain and then dry warmth Temperatures between 19-31 C produces the most growth
52
Explain the difference between integrated viticulture and organic viticulture spraying strategies:
Integrated viticulture allows synthetic and systemic fungicides, which can penetrate plant tissues and provide curative effects. Organic viticulture relies only on natural, contact-based products (e.g., copper, sulfur) that must be applied preventively. Organic products do not have curative effects, more frequent applications may be necessary.
53
How does powdery mildew enter the plant?
It enters through the epidermis
54
How does downy mildew enter the plant?
It enters through the stomata
55
Describe Downy mildew symptoms -what parts can be infected? -how does it impact those parts? -when is it a threat?
-all GREEN parts with stomata can be infected -highly dependant on weather: needs humid conditions -MUST be activated by rain/wet conditions -10cm shoot - 10mm rain - 10C within 3 days -wet leaves for 4 hours or air humidity of >97% and >12.5C temp -oilspot on upper leaf turns yellow -underside forms downy layer -infected leaves, flowers, and clusters can fall off -mature berries resistant -it is an oomycetes (not a fungus)
56
How is downy mildew overwinter
Spores overwinter in soil or in old leaves
57
Copper treatments start
before the soil infection or at the end of the first incubation time after soil infection
58
What is a strategy to reduce copper spray?
other products can be used in periods of lower disease pressure -Chitosan Oligosaccharide - Oligogalacturonans (COS-OGA) -Orange Oil (WET-CIT)
59
Explain how COS-OGA works and why it is used:
COS-OGA: mimics a real fungal attack, making the plant think that a patogen is present The plant activated its immune defenses: -strengthening cell walls -producing antimicrobial compounds Used in replacement of copper for downy mildew defense
60
What is the side effect of sulfur against downy mildew
-sulfur enhances the effectiveness of copper -The combination of Cu and S results in lower disease incidence (nuber of grapes infected) and disease severity (extent of infection) compared to copper alone
61
Phosphonic acid
-antifungal product used in placement of copper -residue forms on grapes but is not toxic -no longer allowed in organic viticulture in EU
62
What is the best way to reduce copper and sulfer sprayings in organic viticulture
plant fungus resistant/hybrid varieties 2-4 sprayings in comparison to 8-12 sprayings for Vitis vinifera varieties
63
Explain what a PIWI is
Hybrid varieties (European Vitis vinifera x American/Asian grapevine varieties; Vitis cinerea, labrusca, rupestris, riparia etc.) Fungus-resistant varieties: tolerance against powdery/downy mildew
64
Give an example of an organic spraying calendar
mid-May: Sulfur (1 spray) late May - late June: Sulfur + Copper (5 sprays) late June - early August: Sulfur + Copper + Pot. bicarbonate + Orange Oil (6 sprays) All dependant on weather/disease pressure Integrated spraying uses different products, constantly changing, so the fungus does not build a resistance
65
How does botrytis cinerea enter the plant
through the epidermis and then releases toxins
66
Name the product used to prevent or treat botrytis in organic viticulture
none
67
What is the best way to protect against botrytis?
-promote dry conditions in bunch zone/canopy by defoliating -promote loose bunch structure -promote balanced nitrogen -regulate vigor with pruning or thinning
68
Grape berry moth: its generations and symptoms
1. First-generation larvae web small flower buds or berries together in June and feed externally on them or on tender stems 2. Second generation larvae tunnel directly into the green berries and feed internally 3. Potential 3rd generation larvae feed on ripening berries
69
Grape berry moth protection strategy, integrated versus organic
The same. insecticide: Bacillus thuringiensis Or sex pheromone mating disruption
70
Explain mating disruption
1. Female moths naturally produce pheromones → so that they can be located by the male moth 2. By artificial spread of pheromones by dispensers the male moth is confused mating is not possible 3. Female moths cannot set fertile eggs 4. no eggs → no larvae→ no damage 5. no insecticide required 6. One pheromone dispenser each 20 m² 7. Continuous monitoring is required
71
Prohibited procedures in Organic winemaking
-partial concentration through cooling -eliminaiton of SO2 by physical process -electrodialysis for tartartic stabilization -cation exchange for tartaric stab. -partial de-alc
72
Permited procedures in Organic winemaking
-heat treatments < 75C -centrifuge and filter > 0.2um
73
Organic book keeping
Producers must keep records for 5 years of any products and substances used in wine production and for cleaning and disinfection including the time(s) of use of each product, the name of the product, its active ingredients, and if applicable, the location of use
74
Processing guidelines
-no GMO products -organic raw materials -no sucrose, but concentrated grape juice -DAP, thiamine, inactivated yeast, yeast autolysates, yeast hulles approved
75
What is the total SO2 content allowed in EU cirtified Organic wines
Red: max 100 mg/L with residual sugar <2 g/L White & rose: max 150 mg/L with RS <2 g/L
76
What are the legal limits of copper use in thr EU and Germany (POTENTIAL EXAM QUESTION)
EU: max. 28kg Cu/ha over a period of 7 year = max. 4kg Cu/ha per year Germany: max. 3kg Cu/ha per year
77
Steps to transition vineyard to organic in EU: (POTENTIAL EXAM QUESTION)
1. Understand EU Organic certification rules 2. Start the 3 year conversion period 3. Stop using synthetic pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers 4. Switch to organic certified like copper-sulfur spray 5. Focus on soil health - compost, cover crops 6. Encourage beneficial insects with diversity 7. Mechanical mulching

Geisenheim Viticulture (10 decks)

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