Cool Climate - Hot Topics Flashcards
Differences between steep slope and terraced vineyards
Steep slove grapevine cultivation
Has declined 30 to 40% since 1986
Cost: +30 to 160% compared to flat vineyards
In reguards to temperature, what are the negative effects of climate change in the Rheingau (especially on steep slope vineyards)
-increase in temperature
-increase of radiation
-increase of evapotransporation
-change in percipitation patterns
-increase of heavy rainfall events
Summer days: many more days above 25C
Spring and autum days: are about the same since 1950
1950: ~25 days above 25C
2020: 50+ days above 25C
Why is it important to conserve steep slope landscapes
-habitat for xerothermic (heat and drought tolerant plant: the grapevine)
-cultural heritage and identity
-recreation and tourist attraction
Define steep slope
> 30 degree slope
Compare steep slope downward facing and terraced vineyards: (POTENTIAL EXAM QUESTION)
Downward Advantages:
-percieved as higher quality fruit due to water stress
-higher planting density (competition)
Downward Disadvantages:
-prone to erosion
-prone to water runoff
-mostly manual labor
-more expensive due to labor
Terraced Advantages:
-nature conservation between rows
-erosion control
-increased water holding
-biodiversity
-beneficial insects
-mechanization possible
Terraced Disadvantages:
-mostly hand harvested
Conclusion:
Down-facing vineyards → Risk of erosion is high, and mechanization is difficult.
Terraced vineyards → More stable, retain water better, and allow easier access for labor and equipment.
Insects: spiders and ants in vertical, terraced, and fallow land
Spiders:
-Fallow lands are of great importance for rare spider species
-Vertically oriented saw the most spider species, the most abundance and the most commonness
-Terrace in second for spiders except the Italienischer Ameisenjager (a heat loving spider)
-Differences in spider communities are dependant on the type of groundcover
-less spiders near trees and tall shrubs
Ants:
-Terraced had the most ants, fallow the least
Insects: beetles and grasshopper in vertical, terraced, and fallow vineyards
Beetles: prefer vertical, with soil management and bare soil patches that allow them to move and hunt
Grasshopper: abundance in veritcal, and benefit from embankments rich in vegetation/tall grasses for shelter and food.
More species in terraced. More diverse plants = more diverse grasshoppers
Endangered species need open structures (minimal vegetation cover - allowing movement)
What is most important to wild bees, and what type of vineyard provides that: vertical, terraced, fallow
Food supply is most important
-flower abundance
-flower diversity
-continuity
1st terraced
2nd vertical
3rd fallow
but all relatively close
Wild bees:
Andrena vaga
Sphecodes sp. gibbus
Nomada sp. lathburiana
Which type of vineyard has the most plant diversity: vertical, terrace, or fallow
terrace
What are the economical and ecological benefits and drawbacks of modern terraced vineyards
Economic
Increased:
-degree of mechanization
-vineyard tasks accomplished on time
-work safety
Decreased:
-production costs per ha
Ecological:
Increased:
-erosion protection
-creation of habitats
-continuity (connection between habitats)
-biodiversity
-canopy aeration
-water retention
-sunburn protection
-late-stage berry ripening
Drawbacks:
-highly competitive environment
-less vineyard area
-change in landscape
-heavy soil work
-increased solar radiation
-heterogenous grapes (from one side to the other)
-
Impact of row orientation on microclimate experiment
Bunch zone:
-Light sensitive films
Canopy surface temp:
-Infrared radiometer
Inner-canopy temp
-USB-data logger
RESULTS
Bunch zone light:
-terraced = more light in canopy during onset of ripening and harvest
-light interception is more constant/equal in vertical vineyards
Daily temps
-control of N/S warmer than terraced
-terraced vineyard have higher night temperatures
Implications of row orientation on fruit quality experiment
Primary metabolites:
-juice analysis
Secondary metabolitys:
-polyphenols
Additional:
-canopy density
-chlorophyll
-sunburn
RESULTS
-fruit composition affected mostly due to microclimate effect of sunlight
-row alignments affects cluster exposure and sunburn
-terraced vineyards have different fruit composition on each side of canopy, potential selection harvesting
-terraces improve water infiltration/reduce erosion but also young vines may suffer from water stress from exposed embankments
Water retention and availability experiment
Soil moisture:
-capacitive sensor
Drought stress:
-pressure bomb
Physiological response:
-canopy density
-leaf area
-pruning weight
RESULTS
-percipitation is better stored in terraces
-young vines on terraces are at higher risk of drought stress
-after adaption phase, vines dont differ from downward or terraced
What are some examples to enrich diversity?
-diverse cover crop
-build sturctural elements
-wider rows
-semi natural areas
-corridors and connectivity
How can you contribute to a sustainable water management on a large scale?
-reduce surface runoff
–improve soil water infltration
-talk with local authorities
-removal of concrete drainage chanels
-landscape design
What is APV
AGRO-PHOTOVOLTAIK
A process for the simultaneous use of land for agricultural crop production (photosynthesis) and PV
electricity production (photovoltaics).
Using same land area for solar energy generation and agricultural production
What are the vineyard benefits from APV?
Under panels or in shade conditions:
-Lower temps
-Higher soil moisture and retention
-Delayed phenology
-Decreased morning photosynthetic activity; increased midday photosynthetic activity
-More vegetative growth
-Higher acidity
-Frost protection
-Higher yields
VitiVoltaic results
VitiVoltaic is an APV on campus
Vineyard:
→ Cooler during the day (approx. 4 °C)
→ Warmer at night (approx. 1°C)
→ Slightly higher air humidity
→ Higher soil moisture
→ Fewer flucutations in soil moisture
→ > 50% reduction in solar radiation
→ Short wave lengths absorbed by the modules
→ Probably the APV itself can protect from late frost damages
→ 2024 delayed bloom
→ Heterogenous development
→ Larger individual leaf areas with thinner leaf cross-sections
→ Same number of nodes with longer internodes
→ Lower canopy porosity
→ Adaption to reduced light conditions
→ At the beginning, slight delay in ripening
→ Alignment in must weight towards harvest
→ Acidity slightly increased
→ Less disease
→ More vigorous
→ Larger leaves
→ Longer shoots
Sustainable viticulture for spraying
Saving resources, protecting environment from spray pollution
Fungicide residues
-all application leave residues
Good agricultural practices (GAP)
GAP keep residues below maximum residue limit (MRL)
-leave removal allows spraying into the canopy
-radial blowers leave higher residues than axial blowers
-Winemaking reduces residues, often below detection
-late applications for Botrytis (Pyrimethanil) result in highest detectable residues
Good agricultural practices (GAP)
Phytomedicine
-canopy management
-thinning & leaf removal
Cultural practices:
-soil management
-erosion protection
Documentation:
-guided by EU
Biotechnology:
-hormonal confusion
Chemical treatments:
-holding time
-correct application
-proper concentration
-monitoring spray window
Resource management:
-water
-soil/flora/fauna
Breeding:
-PIWIs
LIPCO Recycling in combination with SIKA PICORE
Machine sprayer equipment for efficiency
-Improving ecological precision and economic efficiency that contribute to sustainability and quality of the vineyard management
User safety by using work orders
Fulfillment of legal requirements for documentation
Success control through the automatic collection of data
Cost recording
Data storage
Impact factors for wine quality
-Region
-Climate
-Vineyard choices (cultivar, rootstock, row orientation, irrigation, biodiversity, training system, pruning, GAP)
-Soil (water & nutrient availability)
-Microclimate
-Leaf temp/position
-Bunch exposute
-Physiology
-Primary metabolites
-Secondary metabolites
