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Chemistry > organic synthesis > Flashcards

organic synthesis Flashcards

1
Q

Carbon-carbon bond formation

A

Important as they provide a way of creating new compounds with more carbon atoms

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2
Q

Nitriles from haloalkanes

A

Formed by reacting haloalkanes with sodium cyanide (NaCN) or potassium cyanide in ethanol, in this reaction the length of the carbon chain increases. This is nucleophilic substitution. Possible reaction =CH3CH2Cl + KCN –> CH3CH2CN + KCl

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3
Q

Nitriles from aldehydes and ketones

A

Aldehydes and ketones will with react with HCN. However, HCN is too poisonous to use so instead a mixture of NaCN and sulfuric acid is used, to improve safety and reaction rate
CH3COCH3 + HCN –> CH3C(OH)(CN)CH3

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4
Q

Reduction of nitriles

A

Nitriles can be reduced to amines by reacting with hydrogen in the presence of a nickel catalyst
CH3CN + 2H2 –> CH3CH2NH2

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5
Q

Hydrolyses of nitriles

A

Nitriles undergo hydrolyses to form carboxylic acids by heating with dilute aqueous acid i.e. HCl
CH3CN + 2H2O + HCl –> CH3COOH + NH4Cl

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6
Q

Alkylation of benzene rings

A

Alkylation is a reaction which transfers an alkyl group from a haloalkane to a benzene ring. The catalyst AlCl3 is needed, HCl is also produced

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7
Q

Alcylation of benzene rings

A

When a benzene ring reacts with an alcyl chloride in the presence of an aluminium chloride catalyst, a ketone is formed. HCl is also produced

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8
Q

Nitriles to carboxylic acid

A

H2O, HCl, heat

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9
Q

Acyl chloride to carboxylic acid

A

H2O

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10
Q

Aldehyde/ketone to alcohol

A

NaBH4

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11
Q

Alcohol to alkene

A

H2SO4 and heat

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12
Q

Haloalkane to alcohol

A

NaOH (aq)

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13
Q

Aldehyde/ketone to hydroxynitrile

A

NaCN(aq)/H+(aq)

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14
Q

Haloalkane to amine

A

NH3 in ethanol

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15
Q

Alcohol to haloalkane

A

Sodium halide and H2SO4

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16
Q

Acyl chloride to secondary amide

A

Primary amine

17
Q

Acyl chloride to primary amide

18
Q

Alkene to alcohol

A

H2O (steam) / H3PO4

19
Q

Ester to carboxylate salt

A

Hot aqueous alkali

20
Q

Alkene to alkane

A

H2/Ni 150 degreese

21
Q

Ester to carboxylic acid

A

Hot aqueous acid

22
Q

Carboxylic acid to ester

A

Alcohol / conc. H2SO4

23
Q

Nitrile to amine

24
Q

Haloalkane to nitrile

A

NaCN or KCN in ethanol

25
Q

Alcohol to aldehyde

A

K2Cr2O7 / HSSO4 distil

26
Q

Alcohol to ester

A

Carboxylic acid / conc. H2SO4 or acid anhydride or acyl chloride

27
Q

Alcohol to carboxylic acid

A

K2Cr2O7 / H2SO4, reflux

28
Q

Alkane to haloalkane

A

Halogen, UV

29
Q

Acyl chloride to ester

30
Q

Carboxylic acid to acyl chloride

31
Q

Alkene to haloalkane

A

Hydrogen halide

32
Q

How do you prepare a solid substance to be tested

A

Dissolve 5 grams of the substance in the minimum amount of hot water whilst stirring. Then filter it to remove the debris

Chemistry (24 decks)

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