Organic Synthesis

Question 1

What is the structure of an amide?

Answer 1

O
II
R–C-N—R
l
R

Question 2

What reacts with an amine to form an amide?

Answer 2

Acyl chloride

Question 3

What is the formula of Acyl Chloride?

Answer 3

Oh replace with Cl

Question 4

How can esters be formed?

Answer 4

From the reaction between:
* Carboxylic acid and alcohol
* Acid anhydride and alcohol
* Acyl chloride and alcohol

Question 5

What is the formula of an acid anhydride

Question 6

Halogenation (CH4 to CH3Cl)

Answer 6

Cl2
UV light
Free rad

Question 7

alkene to alkane

Answer 7

H2 Ni catalyst
electrophilic addition
hydrogenation

Question 8

alkene plus br2

Answer 8

electrophilic addition
halogenation

Question 9

alken plus hcl

Answer 9

electrophilic addition
halogenation

Question 10

alkene to alcohol

Answer 10

Steam, acid catalyst (H3PO4), (Heat)
electrophilic addition
hydration

Question 11

alcohol to aldehyde

Answer 11

heat to distillation
K2Cr2O7 H2SO4
(partial) oxidation

Question 12

alcohol to cooh

Answer 12

heat to reflux
K2Cr2O7 H2SO4
(complete) oxidation

Question 13

alcohol to alkene

Answer 13

conc H3PO4
heat
Elimination
dehydration

Question 14

Haloalkane to alcohol

Answer 14

NaOH(aq)
heat
nucleophilic substitution -
hydrolysis

Question 15

alcohol to haloalkane

Answer 15

NaBr/H2
heat
H2SO4
substitution -
halogenation

Question 16

aldehyde to alcohol

Answer 16

NaBH4

nucleophilic addition -
reductiob

Question 17

carboxylic acid to COONa

Answer 17

Na/NaOH
neutralisation

Question 18

Carboxylic acid to ester

Answer 18

methanol
conc H2SO4
heat
esterification

Question 19

Carboxylic acid to acyl chloride

Answer 19

SOCl2 Synthesis of acyl chloride

Question 20

Acyl chloride to primary amide

Answer 20

Excess NH3

1o amide
formation

Question 21

acyl chloride to secondary amide

Answer 21

Excess CHNH3
(1o Amine)

2o amide
formation

Question 22

Acyl chloride to carboxylic acid

Answer 22

H2O
hydrolysis

Question 23

acyl chloride to benzene with ester

Answer 23

Phenol

Esterification of
phenol

Question 24

acid anhydride (ethanoic) to phenol with ester?

Answer 24

Esterification of phenol

Question 25

Ester to carboxylic acid

Answer 25

H+ (aq) heat
acid hydrolysis

Question 26

ester to Ch3COONa

Answer 26

NaOH (aq)
Heat
base hydrolysis

Question 27

haloalkane to primary amine

Answer 27

Excess NH3 in ethanol
primary amine formation

Question 28

amine(CH3NH2) plus HCL

Answer 28

Ch3NH3+Cl-
neutralisation

Question 29

haloalkane (CH3Cl) to CH3CN

Answer 29

KCN or NaCN
in ethanol
nucleophilic substitution
nitrile formation

Question 30

Nitrile to amine

Answer 30

H2/Ni catalyst

reduction

Question 31

nitrile to carboxylic acid

Answer 31

reduction
H2O/ H+ (aq)
heat
hydrolysis

Question 32

aldehyde to nitrile

Answer 32

KCN(aq), H(aq)
Or HCN

nucleophilic addition

Question 33

amide to amine

Answer 33

OH– (aq)
Heat
Base hydrolysis

Question 34

Amide to carboxylic acid andNH3+

Answer 34

Acid hydrolysis
H2O and heat

Question 35

nitration of benzene-

Answer 35

conc H2SO4,
conc HNO3
Heat

Question 37

NO2 to NH2

Answer 37

Sn / conc HCl
reduction

Question 38

chlorination of benzene

Answer 38

Cl2/AlCl3
electrophilic substitution

Question 39

acylation of benzene-

Answer 39

CHCOCl3
AlCl3
electrophilic substitution

Question 40

alkylation of benzene

Answer 40

CH3Cl/AlCl3 electrophilic substitution
alkylation

Question 41

bromination of phenol (2,4,6)

Answer 41

br2 electro sub

Question 43

nitration of phenol

Answer 43

electrophilic substitution
nitration
HNO3

Question 44

neutralisation of phenol (ONa)

Answer 44

Neutralisation
NaOH