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Organic Synthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the condition for alkane to haloalkane?

A

UV light

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2
Q

What is the reagent for alkane to haloalkane?

A

X2

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3
Q

What is the type of reaction for alkane to haloalkane?

A

Free radical substitution

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4
Q

What is the reagent for haloalkane to secondary/tertiary amine/quaternary alkyl ammonium salt?

A

primary/secondary/tertiary amine

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5
Q

What is the condition for haloalkane to secondary/tertiary amine/quaternary alkyl ammonium salt?

A

excess haloalkane in an ethanolic solution, done under reflux

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6
Q

What is the mechanism for haloalkane to secondary/tertiary amine/quaternary alkyl ammonium salt?

A

nucleophilic substitution

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7
Q

What is the mechanism for haloalkane to nitrile?

A

nucleophilic substitution

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8
Q

What is the reagent for haloalkane to nitrile?

A

KCN

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9
Q

What are the conditions for haloalkane to nitrile?

A

the KCN is aqueous in an ethanolic solution and it is done under reflux

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10
Q

What is the attacking species for haloalkane to nitrile?

A

:CN-

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11
Q

What is the mechanism for haloalkane to primary amine?

A

nucleophilic substitution

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12
Q

What is the reagent for haloalkane to primary amine?

A

NH3

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13
Q

What are the conditions for haloalkane to primary amine?

A

EXCESS NH3 in ethanolic solution and heat under pressure

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14
Q

What is the reagent for haloalkane to an alcohol?

A

NaOH

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15
Q

What is the mechanism for haloalkane to alcohol?

A

Nucleophilic substitution

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16
Q

What is the attacking species for haloalkane to alcohol?

A

:OH-

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17
Q

What are the conditions for haloalkane to alcohol?

A

NaOH is aqueous and in ethanolic solution, warmed and dilute

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18
Q

What is the mechanism for haloalkane to alkene?

A

elimination

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19
Q

What is the reagent for haloalkane to alkene?

A

KOH

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20
Q

What is the attacking species for haloalkane to alkene?

A

:OH-

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21
Q

What are the conditions for haloalkane to alkene?

A

KOH is in an ethanolic solution and it is hot and concentrated

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22
Q

What is the mechanism for alkene to haloalkane?

A

electrophilic addition

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23
Q

What is the reagent for alkene to haloalkane?

A

HX

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24
Q

What is the reagent for alkene to dihaloalkane?

A

X2

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25
Q

What is the condition for alkene to alkane?

A

Ni

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26
Q

What is the reagent for alkene to alkane?

A

H2

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27
Q

What is the mechanism/type of reaction for alkene to alkane?

A

addition/reduction/hydrogenation

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28
Q

What is the reagent for alkene to alkylhydrogensulfate?

A

H2SO4

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29
Q

What is the mechanism for alkene to alkylhydrogensulfate?

A

Electrophilic addition

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30
Q

What is the mechanism for acyl chloride/acid anhydride to amide?

A

nucleophilic addition-elimination

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31
Q

What is the reagent for acyl chloride/acid anhydride to amide?

A

NH3

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32
Q

What is the mechanism for acyl chloride/acid anhydride to N-substituted amide?

A

nucleophilic addition-elimination

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33
Q

What is the reagent for acyl chloride/acid anhydride to N-substituted amide?

A

primary amine

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34
Q

What is the mechanism for acyl chloride/acid anhydride to ester?

A

nucleophilic addition-elimination

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35
Q

What is the reagent for acyl chloride/acid anhydride to ester?

A

alcohol

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36
Q

What is the mechanism/type of reaction for acyl chloride/acid anhydride to carboxylic acid?

A

nucleophilic addition-elimination/hydrolysis

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37
Q

What is the reagent for acyl chloride/acid anhydride to carboxylic acid?

A

water

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38
Q

What is the type of reaction for triester (lipid) to biodiesel?

A

transesterification

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39
Q

What is the reagent for triester to biodiesel?

A

methanol

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40
Q

What is the condition for triester to biodiesel?

A

KOH catalyst

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41
Q

What is the type of reaction for carboxylic acid to carboxylate salt?

A

neutralisation

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42
Q

What is the reagent for carboxylic acid to carboxylate salt?

A

OH-

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43
Q

What is the type of reaction for carboxylate salt to carboxylic acid?

A

acidification

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44
Q

What is the reagent for carboxylate salt to carboxylic acid?

A

H+

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45
Q

What is the type of reaction for ester to carboxylic acid?

A

hydrolysis

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46
Q

What is the reagent for ester to carboxylic acid?

A

H2O

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47
Q

What are the conditions for ester to carboxylic acid?

A

H+/OH- catalyst

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48
Q

What is the reagent for nitrile to primary amine?

A

LiAlH4 or H2

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49
Q

What is the type of reaction for nitrile to primary amine?

A

reduction

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50
Q

What are the conditions for nitrile to primary amine?

A

LiAlH4 - (ether) or H2 - Ni catalyst

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51
Q

What is the mechanism for alkene to alcohol?

A

electrophilic addition

52
Q

What is the reagent for alkene to alcohol?

A

H2O

53
Q

What is the condition for alkene to alcohol?

A

H3PO4 catalyst

54
Q

What is the attacking species for alkene to alcohol?

A

H+

55
Q

What is the mechanism for alcohol to alkene?

A

elimination

56
Q

What is the attacking species for alcohol to alkene?

A

H+

57
Q

What are the conditions for alcohol to alkene?

A

concentrated H2SO4 or H3PO4 catalyst

58
Q

What is the reagent for alkylhydrogensulfate to alcohol?

A

H2O

59
Q

What is the type of reaction for alkylhydrogensulfate to alcohol?

A

hydrolysis

60
Q

What is the reagent for primary amine to secondary/tertiary amine/quaternary alkyl ammonium salt?

A

haloalkane

61
Q

What is the mechanism for primary amine to secondary/tertiary amine/quaternary alkyl ammonium salt?

A

nucleophilic substitution

62
Q

What are the conditions for primary amine to secondary/tertiary amine/quaternary alkyl ammonium salt?

A

done under reflux with an excess of haloalkane

63
Q

What is the type of reaction for nitrile to carboxylic acid?

A

hydrolysis

64
Q

What is the reagent for nitrile to carboxylic acid?

A

H2O

65
Q

What is the condition for nitrile to carboxylic acid?

A

H+ catalyst

66
Q

What is the reagent for primary amine to N-substituted amide?

A

acid chloride/anhydride

67
Q

What is the mechanism for primary amine to N-substituted amine?

A

nucleophilic addition-elimination

68
Q

What is the mechanism/type of reaction for alcohol to ester?

A

nucleophilic addition-elimination/esterification/condensation

69
Q

What are the reagents for alcohol to ester?

A

carboxylic acid or acyl chloride/acid anhydride

70
Q

What is the condition for alcohol to ester?

A

carboxylic acid (reagent) - reflux with concentrated H2SO4 catalyst

71
Q

What is the type of reaction for ester to alcohol?

A

hydrolysis

72
Q

What is the reagent for ester to alcohol?

A

H2O

73
Q

What is the condition for ester to alcohol?

A

H+/OH- catalyst

74
Q

What type of reaction is ester to carboxylic acid?

A

hydrolysis

75
Q

What is the reagent for ester to carboxylic acid?

A

H2O

76
Q

What is the condition for ester to carboxylic acid?

A

H+/OH- catalyst

77
Q

What is the mechanism/type of reaction for carboxylic acid to ester?

A

nucleophilic addition-elimination/esterification/condensation

78
Q

What is the reagent for carboxylic acid to ester?

A

alcohol

79
Q

What are the conditions for carboxylic acid to ester?

A

reflux with concentrated H2SO4 catalyst

80
Q

What is the type of reaction for aldehyde to carboxylic acid?

A

oxidation

81
Q

What are the reagents for aldehyde to carboxylic acid?

A

K2Cr2O7/H+

82
Q

What is the condition for aldehyde to carboxylic acid?

A

done under reflux

83
Q

What is the type of reaction for primary alcohol to aldehyde?

A

(partial) oxidation

84
Q

What are the reagents for primary alcohol to aldehyde?

A

K2Cr2O7/H+

85
Q

What is the condition for primary alcohol to aldehyde?

A

distillation

86
Q

What is the reagent for aldehyde to primary alcohol?

A

NaBH4

87
Q

What is the mechanism/type of reaction for aldehyde to primary alcohol?

A

nucleophilic addition/reduction

88
Q

What is the condition for aldehyde to primary alcohol?

A

acidic conditions (H+)

89
Q

What is the attacking species for aldehyde to primary alcohol?

A

:H-

90
Q

What is the mechanism for aldehyde to alpha-hydroxynitrile?

A

nucleophilic addition

91
Q

What are the reagents for aldehyde to alpha-hydroxynitrile?

A

KCN/H+

92
Q

What is the condition for aldehyde to alpha-hydroxynitrile?

A

reflux

93
Q

What is the attacking species for aldehyde to alpha-hydroxynitrile?

A

:CN-

94
Q

What are the reagents for secondary alcohol to ketone?

A

K2Cr2O7/H+

95
Q

What is the condition for secondary alcohol to ketone?

A

reflux

96
Q

What type of reaction is secondary alcohol to ketone?

A

oxidation

97
Q

What is the reagent for ketone to secondary alcohol?

A

NaBH4

98
Q

What is the condition for ketone to secondary alcohol?

A

acidic conditions (H+)

99
Q

What mechanism is ketone to secondary alcohol?

A

nucleophilic addition

100
Q

What is the attacking species for ketone to secondary alcohol?

A

:H-

101
Q

What are the reagents for ketone to alpha-hydroxynitrile?

A

KCN/H+

102
Q

What is the condition for ketone to alpha-hydroxynitrile?

A

reflux

103
Q

What is the mechanism for ketone to alpha-hydroxynitrile?

A

nucleophilic addition

104
Q

What is the attacking species for ketone to alpha-hydroxynitrile?

A

:CN-

105
Q

What is the type of reaction for benzene to cyclohexane?

A

reduction/addition/hydrogenation

106
Q

What is the reagent for benzene to cyclohexane?

A

H2

107
Q

What is the condition for benzene to cyclohexane?

A

Ni catalyst

108
Q

What is the reagent for benzene to nitrobenzene?

A

concentrated HNO3

109
Q

What is the condition for benzene to nitrobenzene?

A

concentrated H2SO4

110
Q

What is the attacking species for benzene to nitrobenzene?

A

NO2 +

111
Q

What is the mechanism for benzene to nitrobenzene?

A

electrophilic substitution

112
Q

What are the reagents for nitrobenzene to phenylamine?

A

Sn + concentrated HCl

113
Q

What is the condition for nitrobenzene to phenylamine?

A

reflux

114
Q

What is the type of reaction for nitrobenzene to phenylamine?

A

reduction

115
Q

What is the reagent for benzene to phenylketone?

A

acid chloride

116
Q

What is the condition for benzene to phenylketone?

A

AlCl3

117
Q

What is the attacking species for benzene to phenylketone?

A

R+C=O

118
Q

What is the mechanism of benzene to phenylketone?

A

electrophilic substitution

119
Q

What is the reagent of phenylketone to phenylalcohol?

A

NaBH4

120
Q

What is the condition for phenylketone to phenylalcohol?

A

acidic conditions

121
Q

What is the type of reaction/mechanism for phenylketone to phenylalcohol?

A

reduction/nucleophilic addition

122
Q

What is the attacking species for phenylketone to phenylalcohol?

A

:H-

123
Q

What are the reagents for phenylketone to phenylhydroxynitrile?

A

KCN/H+

124
Q

What is the condition for phenylketone to phenylhydroxynitrile?

A

reflux

125
Q

What is the mechanism for phenylketone to phenylhydroxynitrile?

A

nucleophilic addition

126
Q

What is the attacking species for phenylketone to phenylhydroxynitrile?

A

:CN-

Chemistry (17 decks)

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