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AS Chemistry > Organic Synthesis > Flashcards

Organic Synthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

Alkene —> Alkane

A

H2, with Nickel (Ni) catalyst

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2
Q

Alkene —> Haloalkane

A

Hydrogen Halide (HX)

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3
Q

Alkene —> Alcohol

A

Steam H20(g) with H3PO4 catalyst

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4
Q

Alcohol —> Alkene

A

Concentrated H2SO4

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5
Q

Alkane —> Haloalkane

A

Halogen (X2), with UV light

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6
Q

Alcohol —> Haloalkane

A

Sodium Halide (NaX), with H2SO4

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7
Q

Haloalkane —> Alcohol

A

NaOH(aq), through reflux

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8
Q

Primary Alcohol —> Carboxylic Acid

A

K2Cr2O7/H2SO4, through reflux

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9
Q

Primary Alcohol —> Aldehyde

A

K2Cr2O7/H2SO4, through distillation

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10
Q

Secondary Alcohol—> Ketone

A

K2Cr2O7/H2SO4, through reflux

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11
Q

Benzene —> Phenylsulfonic acid
benzene —> benzene-HSO3

A

H2SO4, heat under reflux
—> = substitution

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12
Q

Phenylsulfonic acid —> Benzene
benzene-HSO3 —> benzene

A

H20 withH2SO4 catalyst, heat
—> = hydrolysis

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13
Q

Benzene —> Phenylketone
benzene —> benzene-C=O -CH3

A

RCOCl, AlCl3 catalyst, reflux 60°C
—> acylation

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14
Q

Benzene —> Benzaldehyde
benzene —> benzene-C=O -H

A

CO, HCl & AlCl3 catalyst
—> acylation

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15
Q

Benzene —> Nitrobenzene
benzene —> benzene-NO2

A

HNO3, H2SO4 catalyst, 55°C
—> substitution

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16
Q

Benzene —> Alkylbenzene
benzene —> benzene-R

A

Chloroalkane, AlCl3 catalyst, room temperature
—> substitution
—> = alkylation

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17
Q

Phenol —> Benzene
benzene-OH —> benzene

A

powdered Zn, heat
—> reduction

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18
Q

Benzene —> Chlorobenzene
benzene —> benzene-Cl

A

Cl2 & AlCl3 catalyst, room temperature
—> substitution
—> = chlorination

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19
Q

Benzene —> Bromobenzene
benzene —> benzene-Br

A

Br2 & FeBr3 catalyst, room temperature
—> substitution
—> = bromination

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20
Q

Benzene —> Iodobenzene
benzene —> benzene-I

A

I2 & concentrated HNO3, reflux

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21
Q

Nitrobenzene —> Phenylamine
benzene-NO2 —> benzene-NH2

A

LiBH4/ ethanol
—> reduction

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22
Q

Chlorobenzene —> Phenylamine
benzene-Cl —> benzene-NH2

A

KNH2,NH3, -33°C; then dilute acid

23
Q

Chlorobenzene —> Phenol
benzene-Cl —> benzene-OH

A

NaOH

24
Q

Chlorobenzene —> Alkylbenzene
benzene-Cl —> benzene-R

A

Na & RI, dry ether

25
Q

Alkylbenzene —> Benzoic acid
benzene-R —> benzene-C=O -OH

A

KMnO4 with dilute H2SO4 through reflux
—> oxidation

26
Q

Benzonitrile —> Benzoic acid
benzene-C≡N —> benzene-C=O -OH

A

H2O reflux with dilute HCl
—> hydrolysis

27
Q

Benzonitrile —> Benzaldehyde
benzene-C≡N —> benzene-C=O -H

A

SnCl2 (ether), HCl, 20°C, then boil with H2O

28
Q

Benzaldehyde —> Benzoic acid
benzene-C=O -H —> benzene-C=O -OH

A

KMnO4
—> oxidation

29
Q

Alcohol —> Ester

A

carboxylic acid / H2SO4
/ = with
—> = esterification

30
Q

Aldehyde —> Alcohol

A

NaBH4 / H2O
—> = reduction

31
Q

Aldehyde —> Carboxylic acid

A

K2Cr2O7 / H+
—> = oxidation

32
Q

Haloalkane —> Nitrile

A

NaCN in ethanol
Reflux

33
Q

Haloalkane —> Amine

A

Reflux with concentrated NH3 in ethanol

34
Q

Nitrile —> Carboxylic acid

A

H2O
heated under reflux with a dilute HCl
—> = hydrolysis

35
Q

Nitrile —> Amine

A

H2 / Ni
—> = reduction

36
Q

Aldehyde —> Hydroxynitrile

A

NaCN / H2SO4
—> = nucleophilic addition

37
Q

Carboxylic acid —> Ester

A

alcohol / H2SO4
—> = esterification

38
Q

Ester —> Carboxylic acid

A

LiBH4
—> = hydrolysis
H3O+

39
Q

Ester —> Sodium salt of carboxylic acid + alcohol

A

NaOH(aq) alkaline
—> = hydrolysis

40
Q

Acyl chloride —> Ester

A

alcohol

41
Q

Acyl chloride —> Carboxylic acid

A

H2O

42
Q

Carboxylic acid —> Acyl chloride

A

SOCl2

43
Q

Acyl chloride —> Primary amide

A

NH3

44
Q

Acyl chloride —> Secondary amide

A

primary amine

45
Q

Phenylketone —> Phenylethanol
benzene-C=O -CH3 —> benzene-CH -CH3 -OH

A

NaBH4
—> = reduction

46
Q

Chlorobenzene —> Benzonitrile
benzene-Cl —> benzene-C≡N

A

CuCN, polar solvent, reflux (also for Ar-Br)
—> = substitution

47
Q

Benzonitrile —> Benzaldehyde
benzene-C≡N —> benzene-C=O -H

A

SnCl2 (ether), HCl, 20°C, then boil with H2O
—> = reduction

48
Q

Benzonitrile —> Benzoic acid
benzene-C≡N —> benzene-C=O -OH

A

H2O reflux with dilute HCl
—> = hydrolysis

49
Q

Benzoic acid —> Benzoyl Chloride
benzene-C=O -OH —> benzene-C=O -Cl

A

SOCl2, heat
—> = substitution

50
Q

Benzoyl Chloride —> Benzoic acid
benzene-C=O -Cl —> benzene-C=O -OH

A

H2O/ heat
—> = hydrolysis

51
Q

Benzaldehyde —> Benzoic acid
benzene-C=O -H —> benzene-C=O -OH

A

undergoes autoxidation
—> = oxidation

52
Q

Haloalkene —> Amine

A

Ammonia, heat

53
Q

acid + base —>

A

salt + water

54
Q

metal + acid —>

A

salt + hydrogen

AS Chemistry (19 decks)

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