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AS Chemistry > Organic Synthesis > Flashcards

Organic Synthesis Flashcards

1
Q

Alkene —> Alkane

A

H2, with Nickel (Ni) catalyst

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2
Q

Alkene —> Haloalkane

A

Hydrogen Halide (HX)

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3
Q

Alkene —> Alcohol

A

Steam H20(g) with H3PO4 catalyst

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4
Q

Alcohol —> Alkene

A

Concentrated H2SO4

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5
Q

Alkane —> Haloalkane

A

Halogen (X2), with UV light

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6
Q

Alcohol —> Haloalkane

A

Sodium Halide (NaX), with H2SO4

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7
Q

Haloalkane —> Alcohol

A

NaOH(aq), through reflux

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8
Q

Primary Alcohol —> Carboxylic Acid

A

K2Cr2O7/H2SO4, through reflux

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9
Q

Primary Alcohol —> Aldehyde

A

K2Cr2O7/H2SO4, through distillation

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10
Q

Secondary Alcohol—> Ketone

A

K2Cr2O7/H2SO4, through reflux

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11
Q

Benzene —> Phenylsulfonic acid
benzene —> benzene-HSO3

A

H2SO4, heat under reflux
—> = substitution

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12
Q

Phenylsulfonic acid —> Benzene
benzene-HSO3 —> benzene

A

H20 withH2SO4 catalyst, heat
—> = hydrolysis

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13
Q

Benzene —> Phenylketone
benzene —> benzene-C=O -CH3

A

RCOCl, AlCl3 catalyst, reflux 60°C
—> acylation

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14
Q

Benzene —> Benzaldehyde
benzene —> benzene-C=O -H

A

CO, HCl & AlCl3 catalyst
—> acylation

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15
Q

Benzene —> Nitrobenzene
benzene —> benzene-NO2

A

HNO3, H2SO4 catalyst, 55°C
—> substitution

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16
Q

Benzene —> Alkylbenzene
benzene —> benzene-R

A

Chloroalkane, AlCl3 catalyst, room temperature
—> substitution
—> = alkylation

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17
Q

Phenol —> Benzene
benzene-OH —> benzene

A

powdered Zn, heat
—> reduction

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18
Q

Benzene —> Chlorobenzene
benzene —> benzene-Cl

A

Cl2 & AlCl3 catalyst, room temperature
—> substitution
—> = chlorination

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19
Q

Benzene —> Bromobenzene
benzene —> benzene-Br

A

Br2 & FeBr3 catalyst, room temperature
—> substitution
—> = bromination

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20
Q

Benzene —> Iodobenzene
benzene —> benzene-I

A

I2 & concentrated HNO3, reflux

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21
Q

Nitrobenzene —> Phenylamine
benzene-NO2 —> benzene-NH2

A

LiBH4/ ethanol
—> reduction

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22
Q

Chlorobenzene —> Phenylamine
benzene-Cl —> benzene-NH2

A

KNH2,NH3, -33°C; then dilute acid

23
Q

Chlorobenzene —> Phenol
benzene-Cl —> benzene-OH

24
Q

Chlorobenzene —> Alkylbenzene
benzene-Cl —> benzene-R

A

Na & RI, dry ether

25
Alkylbenzene —> Benzoic acid benzene-R —> benzene-C=O -OH
KMnO4 with dilute H2SO4 through reflux —> oxidation
26
Benzonitrile —> Benzoic acid benzene-C≡N —> benzene-C=O -OH
H2O reflux with dilute HCl —> hydrolysis
27
Benzonitrile —> Benzaldehyde benzene-C≡N —> benzene-C=O -H
SnCl2 (ether), HCl, 20°C, then boil with H2O
28
Benzaldehyde —> Benzoic acid benzene-C=O -H —> benzene-C=O -OH
KMnO4 —> oxidation
29
Alcohol —> Ester
carboxylic acid / H2SO4 / = with —> = esterification
30
Aldehyde —> Alcohol
NaBH4 / H2O —> = reduction
31
Aldehyde —> Carboxylic acid
K2Cr2O7 / H+ —> = oxidation
32
Haloalkane —> Nitrile
NaCN in ethanol Reflux
33
Haloalkane —> Amine
Reflux with concentrated NH3 in ethanol
34
Nitrile —> Carboxylic acid
H2O heated under reflux with a dilute HCl —> = hydrolysis
35
Nitrile —> Amine
H2 / Ni —> = reduction
36
Aldehyde —> Hydroxynitrile
NaCN / H2SO4 —> = nucleophilic addition
37
Carboxylic acid —> Ester
alcohol / H2SO4 —> = esterification
38
Ester —> Carboxylic acid
LiBH4 —> = hydrolysis H3O+
39
Ester —> Sodium salt of carboxylic acid + alcohol
NaOH(aq) alkaline —> = hydrolysis
40
Acyl chloride —> Ester
alcohol
41
Acyl chloride —> Carboxylic acid
H2O
42
Carboxylic acid —> Acyl chloride
SOCl2
43
Acyl chloride —> Primary amide
NH3
44
Acyl chloride —> Secondary amide
primary amine
45
Phenylketone —> Phenylethanol benzene-C=O -CH3 —> benzene-CH -CH3 -OH
NaBH4 —> = reduction
46
Chlorobenzene —> Benzonitrile benzene-Cl —> benzene-C≡N
CuCN, polar solvent, reflux (also for Ar-Br) —> = substitution
47
Benzonitrile —> Benzaldehyde benzene-C≡N —> benzene-C=O -H
SnCl2 (ether), HCl, 20°C, then boil with H2O —> = reduction
48
Benzonitrile —> Benzoic acid benzene-C≡N —> benzene-C=O -OH
H2O reflux with dilute HCl —> = hydrolysis
49
Benzoic acid —> Benzoyl Chloride benzene-C=O -OH —> benzene-C=O -Cl
SOCl2, heat —> = substitution
50
Benzoyl Chloride —> Benzoic acid benzene-C=O -Cl —> benzene-C=O -OH
H2O/ heat —> = hydrolysis
51
Benzaldehyde —> Benzoic acid benzene-C=O -H —> benzene-C=O -OH
undergoes autoxidation —> = oxidation
52
Haloalkene —> Amine
Ammonia, heat
53
acid + base —>
salt + water
54
metal + acid —>
salt + hydrogen

AS Chemistry (19 decks)

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