Organic Reactions- Part 2 Flashcards
How can you nitrate an aromatic ring?
Conditions?
Mechanism?
Requires a combination of concentrated sulphuric acid and concentrated nitric acid to form the NO2 electrophile.
The mechanism is electrophilic substitution.
What are the conditions for the halogenation of an aromatic ring?
What is the mechanism?
It requires a halogen carrier catalyst.
The mechanism is electrophilic substitution.
How does Friedel-Crafts alkylation of an aromatic ring work?
A haloalkane reacts with a halogen carrier catalyst to form the electrophile. This can then react with the aromatic ring by electrophilic substitution.
How does Friedel-Crafts acylation of an aromatic ring work?
An acyl chloride reacts with a halogen carrier catalyst to form the electrophile.
This can then react with an aromatic ring by electrophilic substitution.
Phenol + Alkali —> ?
Salt + Water.
Phenol + aqueous Bromine —> ?
Conditions?
Mechanism?
Observation?
2,4,6 tribromophenol + HBr.
No specific conditions; just mix.
The mechanism is electrophilic substitution.
The decolorisation of bromine will be observed, AND a white precipitate is formed.
Phenol + Acyl Chloride —> ?
Phenolic Ester + HCl
What is observed when you add 2,4-DNPH to an aldehyde/ketone?
An orange/yellow precipitate forms.
Aldehyde + Tollen’s reagent —> ?
Conditions?
Observations?
Carboxylic acid.
Must be done under heating.
A silver mirror will form and be observed.
What is required to reduce an aldehyde/ ketone?
What is the mechanism?
Sodium tetrahydriborate (NaBH4)
The mechanism is nucleophilic addiction.
Aldehyde/Ketone + acidified, aqueous Sodium Cyanide —> ?
Conditions?
Mechanism?
A hydroxynitrile.
This is an in-situ reaction, so it requires a mix of NaCN and concentrated HCl, which form HCN.
The mechanism is nucleophilic addition.
Carboxylic acid + Alcohol —> ?
Conditions?
Ester + Water.
Requires a concentrated sulphuric acid catalyst. Heat under reflux.
Carboxylic acid + primary Amine —> ?
Conditions?
Secondary Amine + Water.
Must be anhydrous conditions.
Carboxylic acid + SOCl2 —> ?
Acyl chloride + SO2 + HCl.
