Organic Reactions

Question 1

alkene –> alcohol

Answer 1

Direct (direct to alcohol, no need to go to alkane->haloalkane->alcohol)
Catalytic (H3PO4 + 300C)
Hydration (H2O)

+ H2O
{H3PO4} + 300C

Question 2

alkane –> alcohol

Answer 2

CAN’T DO DIRECT CATALYTIC HYDRATION - only for alkenes

1. sub Cl for a H {UV light}!!!
2. sub OH for the Cl

e.g.
CH4 + Cl2 –> CH3Cl + HCl {UV light}!!!
CH3Cl + NaOH –> CH3OH + NaCl
{under reflux}
///or u use enzymes which is green chem! Less energy intensive than reflux

Question 3

alkene + Cl2

Answer 3

normal substitution of BOTH chlorine atoms

Question 4

alkane + Cl2 (a part of the full eq to turn alkanes to alcohols)

Answer 4

1. substitution of 1 of the chlorine atoms for a hydrogen {UV light} !!!
2. …normally leads to adding NaOH to form alcohol. (OH subs for Cl) = alcohol + NaOH
   {req. no catalyst}

Question 5

alcohol + {Cr2O7 2- + H+}

Answer 5

1. (primary alc.) –> carboxylic acid or aldehyde (dk which one yet, fully oxidise?)
2. (secondary alc.) –> ketone
3. (tertiary alc.) –> *no reaction

Question 6

alkene –> alkane

Answer 6

Catalytic Hydrogenation

+ H2
{metal catalyst eg. Pt or Ni}

Question 7

alkane –> amine 1.(primary)

Answer 7

1. alkane –> primary haloalkane
   + HCl / HBr (could we add Cl2? idk)
2. primary haloalkane –> primary amine
   {NH3 + heat}
   + ethanol (which is a solvent for NH3)

**2 other methods. above is the cheapest method. look at pg50 booklet

Question 8

Subbing Halogens onto Alkanes

Answer 8

eg. chloromethane –> dichloromethane –> trichloromethane –> tetrachloromethane

CATALYST REQUIRED! >:(
{UV light}

*depending on how much chlorine is present, will determine percentage of PURE tetrachloromethane.

Question 9

Esterfication reaction (Condensation rxn)

Answer 9

carboxylic acid + alcohol –> ester + water
{H2SO4 + heat}!!
*concentrated acid

NOTE: naming wise, alcohol will become 1st name (no double C=C bond) & carboxylic will become 2nd name (contains double C=C bond)
eg. ester is… methyl (from methanol) ethanoate (from ethanoic acid)

Question 10

Hydrolytic reaction

Answer 10

water + ester –> carboxylic acid + alcohol
{H2SO4 + heat}!!
*weak dilute acid