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Biological Sciences Foundation Year > Organic naming and Isomerism continued > Flashcards

Organic naming and Isomerism continued Flashcards

1
Q

Define homologous series in organic chemistry.

A

A homologous series is a group of organic compounds that have the same functional group and similar chemical properties, with each successive member differing by a constant unit, typically a -CH2- group.

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2
Q

Describe the suffix used for aldehydes.

A

The suffix used for aldehydes is -al.

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3
Q

What is the prefix for ketones?

A

The prefix for ketones is oxo-.

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4
Q

Explain the naming convention for carboxylic acids.

A

Carboxylic acids are named using the suffix -oic acid.

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5
Q

Identify the suffix for nitriles.

A

The suffix for nitriles is -nitrile.

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6
Q

What prefix is used for amines?

A

The prefix used for amines is amino-.

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7
Q

Define the suffix for esters.

A

The suffix for esters is -oate.

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8
Q

Describe the naming convention for acyl chlorides.

A

Acyl chlorides are named using the suffix -oyl chloride.

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9
Q

What is the suffix for amides?

A

The suffix for amides is -amide.

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10
Q

Explain the naming convention for acid anhydrides.

A

Acid anhydrides are named using the suffix -oic anhydride.

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11
Q

How does the order of precedence affect naming when multiple functional groups are present?

A

The highest precedence group takes the suffix and the lowest number on the carbon chain, while all other groups take the prefix form.

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12
Q

List the order of priority for functional groups from highest to lowest.

A

Carboxylic acids > carboxylic acid derivatives > nitriles > aldehydes > ketones > alcohols > amines > alkenes > halogenoalkanes.

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13
Q

What suffix is used for ketones?

A

The suffix used for ketones is -one.

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14
Q

Define the prefix for carboxylic acids.

A

The prefix for carboxylic acids is carboxy-.

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15
Q

How are compounds with double and triple C-C bonds named?

A

Compounds with double and triple C-C bonds only take suffix form.

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16
Q

What is the suffix for alcohols?

A

The suffix for alcohols is -ol.

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17
Q

Describe the functional group represented by the prefix cyano-.

A

The prefix cyano- represents the nitrile functional group.

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18
Q

What is the suffix for amines?

A

The suffix for amines is -amine.

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19
Q

Explain the significance of the prefix form in organic naming.

A

The prefix form is used for functional groups that have lower precedence compared to the highest precedence group in a compound.

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20
Q

Identify the suffix used for esters.

A

The suffix used for esters is -yl.

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21
Q

What is the prefix for aldehydes?

A

The prefix for aldehydes is formyl-.

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22
Q

Describe the suffix used for alcohols in organic chemistry.

A

The suffix used for alcohols is -ol.

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23
Q

Define the suffix for nitriles in organic compounds.

A

The suffix for nitriles is -nitrile.

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24
Q

Explain the naming convention for amides in organic chemistry.

A

Amides are named using the suffix -amide.

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25
Q

What is the suffix for carboxylic acids?

A

The suffix for carboxylic acids is -oic acid.

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26
Q

Describe the functional group represented by the suffix -oate.

A

The suffix -oate represents the ester functional group.

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27
Q

What is the significance of the suffix -al in organic chemistry?

A

The suffix -al indicates the presence of an aldehyde functional group.

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28
Q

Identify the suffix used for ketones in organic naming.

A

The suffix used for ketones is -one.

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29
Q

Explain the role of prefixes in organic compound naming.

A

Prefixes indicate the presence of functional groups with lower precedence than the highest priority group.

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30
Q

Describe the naming convention for amines.

A

Amines end in –amine, with two common naming versions: one using the stem ending in -yl (e.g., propyl amine) and another using the IUPAC name (e.g., propan-1-amine). If another priority functional group is present, the prefix ‘amino’ is used.

31
Q

How is a secondary amine named when it has two alkyl groups attached to nitrogen?

A

In a secondary amine, each alkyl group is named, and the smaller alkyl group is preceded by an ‘N’ to indicate its position, such as in N-methylpropylamine.

32
Q

the suffix used for aldehydes and its significance in naming.

A

Aldehydes end in –al, indicating that the C=O bond is always on the first carbon of the chain, which eliminates the need for an additional number.

33
Q

What is the naming convention for ketones with five or more carbon atoms?

A

Ketones end in -one, and when they have five or more carbon atoms, a number is required to indicate the position of the double bond, such as in pentan-2-one.

34
Q

How are compounds with carboxylic acid groups on both ends of the chain named?

A

Compounds with carboxylic acid groups on both ends are named as -dioic acids, such as ethanedioic acid.

35
Q

What is the naming rule for tertiary amines?

A

In tertiary amines, similar rules apply as in secondary amines, where each alkyl side group is given an ‘N’, such as in N,N-dimethylpropylamine.

36
Q

Describe how to name a compound with two amine groups.

A

A compound with two amine groups can be named using the format ‘1,6-diaminohexane’ or ‘hexane-1,6-diamine’.

37
Q

What prefix is used for compounds containing both a ketone group and a carboxylic acid or aldehyde?

A

The prefix ‘oxo-‘ is used for compounds that contain a ketone group in addition to a carboxylic acid or aldehyde.

38
Q

Describe the naming convention for esters.

A

Esters have two parts to their names: the part ending in –yl comes from the alcohol that formed it, and the part ending in –anoate comes from the carboxylic acid.

39
Q

How is ethanoic anhydride formed?

A

Ethanoic anhydride is formed by joining two ethanoate groups together.

40
Q

Define acyl chlorides and their naming convention.

A

Acyl chlorides are named by adding –oyl chloride to the stem name of the corresponding carboxylic acid.

41
Q

What is the naming convention for amides?

A

Amides are named by adding –amide to the stem name of the corresponding carboxylic acid.

42
Q

Explain how secondary and tertiary amides are named.

A

Secondary and tertiary amides are named differently to indicate the number of carbon chains, with the smaller alkyl group preceded by an –N.

43
Q

How do you name nitriles?

A

Nitriles end in –nitrile, and the carbon of the CN group counts as the first carbon of the chain.

44
Q

What is the structure of methyl propanoate?

A

Methyl propanoate consists of a methyl group attached to a propanoate group.

45
Q

Describe the structure of ethanoyl chloride.

A

Ethanoyl chloride has a structure where a chlorine atom is bonded to the carbon of the carbonyl group (C=O) of ethanoic acid.

46
Q

How is N-methylpropanamide structured?

A

N-methylpropanamide has a methyl group attached to the nitrogen of the amide, indicating it is a secondary amide.

47
Q

What distinguishes N,N-dimethylpropanamide from other amides?

A

N,N-dimethylpropanamide has two methyl groups attached to the nitrogen, indicating it is a tertiary amide.

48
Q

Define the term ‘pentanedioyl dichloride’.

A

Pentanedioyl dichloride is a compound with two carbonyl groups and two chlorine atoms, indicating it is a dicarboxylic acid derivative.

49
Q

What is the significance of the –nitrile suffix in organic chemistry?

A

The –nitrile suffix indicates the presence of a cyano group (CN) in the compound, which is a functional group in organic chemistry.

50
Q

How is ethyl 3-methylbutanoate structured?

A

Ethyl 3-methylbutanoate consists of an ethyl group attached to a 3-methylbutanoate group.

51
Q

Define structural isomers.

A

Structural isomers are compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structures or structural formulae.

52
Q

Describe functional group isomers.

A

Functional group isomers are compounds that have the same molecular formula but are arranged to give different functional groups.

53
Q

How can structural isomerism arise?

A

Structural isomerism can arise from chain isomerism, position isomerism, and functional group isomerism.

54
Q

What is the definition of stereoisomers?

A

Stereoisomers have the same structural formulae but different spatial arrangements of atoms.

55
Q

Identify the two types of stereoisomerism.

A

The two types of stereoisomerism are geometrical (E-Z isomerism) and optical isomerism.

56
Q

Give an example of functional group isomers.

A

Propanal and propanone are examples of functional group isomers, both having the molecular formula C3H6O.

57
Q

Explain optical isomerism.

A

Optical isomerism occurs in carbon compounds with four different groups attached to a carbon atom, known as an asymmetric carbon.

58
Q

What is a chiral carbon atom?

A

A chiral carbon atom is a carbon that has four different groups attached to it.

59
Q

Describe the arrangement of groups around a chiral carbon.

A

The four groups are arranged tetrahedrally around the chiral carbon.

60
Q

What are enantiomers?

A

Enantiomers are two compounds that are optical isomers of each other and are non-superimposable mirror images.

61
Q

What is a racemic mixture?

A

A racemic mixture is a 50/50 mixture of two enantiomers.

62
Q

How do optical isomers affect plane polarized light?

A

Optical isomers rotate plane polarized light in different directions; one enantiomer rotates it clockwise and the other anticlockwise.

63
Q

What is the significance of the R/S system in nomenclature?

A

The R/S system is a more informative nomenclature for optical isomers, although it is not on the syllabus.

64
Q

Differentiate between dextrorotatory and laevorotatory.

A

Dextrorotatory refers to an optical isomer that rotates light clockwise, while laevorotatory refers to one that rotates light anticlockwise.

65
Q

Describe the formation of a racemate in chemical reactions.

A

A racemate is formed when a reactant or intermediate with a trigonal planar group is approached from both sides by an attacking species, leading to an equal chance of forming either enantiomer.

66
Q

How does the addition of hydrogen bromide to an unsymmetrical alkene lead to a racemate?

A

The addition of hydrogen bromide to an unsymmetrical alkene can lead to isomeric products because the bromide can attack the planar carbocation from both sides, resulting in a racemate.

67
Q

Define optical isomers and their significance in drug action.

A

Optical isomers, or enantiomers, are molecules that are mirror images of each other. Their significance in drug action lies in the fact that different optical isomers can have very different biological effects.

68
Q

Explain the impact of thalidomide as an optical isomer.

A

One enantiomer of thalidomide causes birth defects in unborn children, while the other acts as a useful sedative. The drug was initially given as a racemic mixture, leading to serious consequences.

69
Q

What is the role of chiral carbon in the formation of optical isomers?

A

Chiral carbon is a carbon atom that is attached to four different groups, leading to the formation of optical isomers, as it allows for two non-superimposable mirror images.

70
Q

How does nucleophilic addition of HCN to aldehydes and ketones result in a racemate?

A

The nucleophilic addition of HCN to aldehydes and ketones involves a trigonal planar carbonyl group being approached equally from both sides by the CN- attacking species, resulting in equal amounts of both enantiomers.

71
Q

Describe the concept of major and minor products in a chemical reaction.

A

In a chemical reaction, the major product is the one that is formed in the greatest quantity, while the minor product is formed in a smaller quantity. For example, a major product may be formed at 90% and a minor product at 10%.

72
Q

What is the significance of stereochemistry in drug design?

A

Stereochemistry is significant in drug design because the spatial arrangement of atoms in a molecule can affect how it interacts with biological systems, leading to different therapeutic effects.

73
Q

How does the structure of a racemate affect its optical activity?

A

A racemate does not exhibit optical activity because it contains equal amounts of both enantiomers, which cancel each other’s optical activity.

74
Q

Explain the mechanism of racemate formation in the context of electrophilic addition reactions.

A

In electrophilic addition reactions, a planar carbocation intermediate can be attacked from both sides by nucleophiles, leading to the formation of a racemate due to the equal likelihood of forming either enantiomer.

Biological Sciences Foundation Year (17 decks)

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