Organic Molecules (3)

Question 1

macromolecules

Answer 1

large, complex organic molecules

Question 2

carbon

Answer 2

4 electrons in outer shell
can form either polar or nonpolar covalent bonds

Question 3

isomers

Answer 3

two molecules with an identical molecular formula but different structures and characteristics

Question 4

structural isomers

Answer 4

contain the same atoms but in different bonding relationships
same formula, different sequence and structure

Question 5

stereoisomers

Answer 5

identical bonding relationships, but spatial positioning of the atoms differs in the two isomers
same sequence, different orientation

Question 6

enantiomers

Answer 6

mirror image molecules

Question 7

geometric (cis-trans) isomers

Answer 7

positioning around double bond differs
rotation of double bond in the molecule

Question 8

polymers

Answer 8

carbs, nucleic acids, and proteins

Question 9

condensation/dehydration reaction

Answer 9

links monomers to form polymers by removing water

Question 10

hydrolysis

Answer 10

polymers broken down into monomers by adding water

Question 11

4 types of macromolecules

Answer 11

carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Question 12

carbs

Answer 12

composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
three main types: monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide

Question 13

monosaccharide

Answer 13

simple sugars, most common are 5 or 6 carbons

Question 14

disaccarides

Answer 14

composed of two monosaccharides
joined by dehydration reaction
broken apart by hydrolysis

Question 15

polysaccharides

Answer 15

many linked together into long polymers

Question 16

glycogen

Answer 16

multibranched polysaccharide of glucose, form of energy storage in animals and fungi
stored in cells of liver and muscles
long term storage

Question 17

starch

Answer 17

storage form of carbs in plants

Question 18

cellulose

Answer 18

polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to many thousands of linked Beta D glucose units

Question 19

nucleic acids

Answer 19

long polymers that store genetic information

Question 20

DNA

Answer 20

stores genetic information, contains blue prints for proteins in the cell

Question 21

RNA

Answer 21

temporary copy of a segment of DNA, used when cell needs to make a protein

Question 22

nucleotides

Answer 22

phosphate group, five-carbon sugar, and sing/double ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms known as a nitrogenous base
bonded by dehydration synthesis
separated by hydrolysis

Question 23

difference between nucleotides of DNA and RNA

Answer 23

1. RNA uses ribose, DNA uses deoxyribose
2. RNA uses uracil (U) instead of thymine (T)

Question 24

DNA strands

Answer 24

complementary and anti-parallel

Question 25

proteins

Answer 25

= polymers
chain of multiple amino acids
workers of the cell

Question 26

roles of proteins

Answer 26

catalysts (enzymes)
signaling molecules (hormones)
activation of proteins (kinases)
activation of genes (transcription factors)
transport (kinesics)
structural integrity (cytoskeleton)

Question 27

amino acid structure

Answer 27

amino group (base), carboxyl group (acid), variable R group, central carbon atom

Question 28

polypeptide

Answer 28

chain of amino acids

Question 29

levels of protein structure

Answer 29

primary, secondary, tertiary

Question 30

primary structure

Answer 30

linear sequence of amino acids that make up polypeptide chain

Question 31

secondary structure

Answer 31

forms from hydrogen bonding between carboxyl and amino groups
forms beta-sheets and alpha-helices

Question 32

tertiary structure

Answer 32

folding gives protein complex 3D shape

Question 33

quaternary structure

Answer 33

composed of multiple subunits

Question 34

fats/triglycerides

Answer 34

joined by dehydration, broken apart by hydrolysis
can be saturated or unsaturated

Question 35

saturated

Answer 35

no double bonds between carbon atoms
higher melting point, mostly found in animals

Question 36

unsaturated

Answer 36

1 or more double bonds
low melting point, mostly found in plants

Question 37

phospholipids

Answer 37

amphipathic
polar/hydrophylic head
non polar/hydrophobic tail
forms membrane and relays messages from surface to cell

Question 38

steroids

Answer 38

signaling molecules derived from cholesterol
work for cell signaling (testosterone, estrogen) and cell membrane fluidity (cholesterol)