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biology 1301 > Cell Structure (4) > Flashcards

Cell Structure (4) Flashcards

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1
Q

cell theory

A
  1. all living organisms are composed of one or more cells
  2. cells are the smallest units of life
  3. new cells come from pre-existing cells by cell division
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2
Q

magnification

A

ratio between size of an image produced by a microscope and its actual size

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3
Q

resolution

A

ability to observe two adjacent objects as distinct from one another (measure of CLARITY)

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4
Q

contrast

A

how different one structure looks from another

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5
Q

light microscope

A

uses light for illumination

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6
Q

electron microscope

A

uses a beam of electrons for illumination

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7
Q

transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

A

thin slices stained with heavy metals

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8
Q

scanning electron microscopy (SEM)

A

sample coated with heavy metal

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9
Q

types of light microscopy

A

standard
differential interference contrast
phase contrast
fluorescence microscopy

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10
Q

standard (bright field)

A

light is focused with glass lenses
light passes directly through sample

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11
Q

phase contrast

A

microscope amplifies differences in phase of light transmitted or reflected by sample

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12
Q

differential interference contrast

A

another method using optics to improve contrast

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13
Q

fluorescence microscopy

A

uses fluorescently labeled substances
useful for visualizing specific structures

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14
Q

confocal microscopy

A

uses lasers focused at different depths of the sample to take optical sections of a sample

generates dozens of single layers of a thick specimen that can be stacked together to form very sharp image

almost always stained with fluorescent staining

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15
Q

prokaryotic

A

no nucleus
“before nucleus”
smaller than eukaryotic

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16
Q

eukaryotic

A

possess a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelle

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17
Q

2 kinds of prokaryotic organisms

A

bateria
archaea

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18
Q

bacteria

A

abundant
vast majority not harmful
smal – 1mum to 10 mum in diameter

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19
Q

archaea

A

small – 1mum to 10 mum in diameter
rare
extreme environments

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20
Q

typical bacteria cell

A

cytoplasm
nucleoid region
ribosomes
cell wall
glycocalyx
appendages

21
Q

glycocalyx

A

traps water, gives protection, help evade immune system

22
Q

eukaryotic cells

A

large 10 mum to 100 mum in diameter
dna protected inside membrane-bound nucleus
organelles
variety

23
Q

universal components of cells

A

genetic material
ribosomes
cytosol
cell membrane

24
Q

nucleus

A

central office
location of most of genome
gene expression and regulation
organization and protection of chromosomes

25
Q

cytosol

A

work space
coordination of response to environment
coordination of metabolism
synthesis of the proteome
organization and movement
central coordinating region for metabolic activities of eukaryotic cells

26
Q

ribosomes

A

assembly machine

27
Q

cytoskeleton

A

structural support and avenues for transport

28
Q

shipping center

A

endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus

29
Q

wast management

A

lysosome
peroxisome

30
Q

power generators

A

mitochondria (ATP in all eukaryotes)
chloroplast (glucose production in plants)

31
Q

ER

A

protein secretion and sorting
glycosylation
lipid synthesis
metabolic functions and accumulation of Ca2+

32
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

protein secretion and sorting
glycolysation

33
Q

plasma membrane

A

uptake and excretion of ions and molecules
cell signaling

34
Q

mitochondria

A

synthesis of ATP
synthesis and modification of other organic molecules
production of heat

35
Q

chloroplasts

A

photosynthesis

36
Q

cytoplasm vs. cytosol

A

cytoplasm = everything inside plasma membrane EXCEPT nucleus
Cytosol = region that is outside the cell organelles but inside the plasma membrane

37
Q

catabolism

A

breakdown of a molecule into smaller components
larger molecule –> energy + smaller molecules

38
Q

anabolism

A

synthesis of cellular molecules and macromolecules
smaller molecules + energy –> larger molecule

39
Q

metabolism

A

sum of all chemical reactions by cells for synthesis and energy utilization

40
Q

enzymes

A

proteins that accelerate the rate of a chemical reaction

41
Q

cytoskeleton

A

complex network of microtubules, intermediate filaments, microfilaments

42
Q

microtubules

A

long, hollow, cylindrical filaments, large in diameter, dynamic, grow from centrosome

43
Q

intermediate filaments

A

long, coiled, rope-like filaments, intermediate in diameter, static
3 main types: collagen, keratin, laminin

44
Q

microfilaments

A

shorter, coiled, rope-like filaments, smallest in diameter, dynamic
made of actin
located below plasma membrane
cell movement, cell division, movement of materials in cytoplasm

45
Q

microtubules in cell division

A

BEFORE = centrosomes replicate and migrate to opposite ends
grow from centrosomes and attach to chromosomes to pull apart

46
Q

flagella

A

longer than cilia
single or in pairs

47
Q

cilia

A

shorter than flagella
cover a lot of the cell surface

48
Q

motor proteins

A

at powered movement
head, hinge, and tail domains

49
Q

three movements of motor proteins

A

carries cargo
filament moves when motors are fixed
bending of the filament when both motors and filaments are fixed

biology 1301 (7 decks)

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