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Chem UNIT 4 > Organic materials: Structure and function > Flashcards

Organic materials: Structure and function Flashcards

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1
Q

How many different types of amino acids are there?

A

20

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2
Q

What two groups forms an amino acid?

A

H2N (amino group) + COOH (Carboxyl group)

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3
Q

Define Zwitterion

A

A molecule that can have a positively and negatively charged group

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4
Q

What type of bond occurs between two different amino acids?

A

Peptide linkage/ amide bond

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5
Q

What is an amide group?

A

O (double bond) C - N - H

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6
Q

Define amphoteric

A

Able to react both as a base and as an acid.

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7
Q

In a basic solution, which amino acid group would donate an H+ ion to lower the pH of the solution to neutralize it

A

Carboxyl group

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8
Q

Describe the primary structure of a protein

A
  • Held together by covalent bonds
  • N terminus (left), C terminist (right)
  • Chain of amino acids
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9
Q

Describe the secondary structure of a protein

A
  • Hydrogen bonds occur in regular intervals, forming an alpha helix shape
  • Segments of the polypeptide chain ( H bonds), fold = Beta pleaded sheets
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10
Q

Describe the tertiary structure of a protein

A
  • 3D structure
  • Influenced by the R chain (determines the type of bonding)
  • Functional form of protein
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11
Q

Describe Quaternary protein structure

A
  • 4D
  • The manner in which subunits are arranged
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12
Q

A protein based catalyst is known as a…

A

Enzyme

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13
Q

What is the main purpose of an enzyme?

A

To lower activation energy

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14
Q

How does an enzyme work?

A

Substrate binds with the active site, however doesn’t take part in any chemical reaction

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15
Q
  1. What are the two types of enzyme models? 2. What are the two models differences?
A
  1. Lock and key, Induced fit
  2. Lock and key suggest the substrate fits perfectly into the active site (enzyme), whereas induced fit suggests the active site mold to the shape of the substrate
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16
Q

Define monomer

A

A molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer.

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17
Q

Define
monosaccharide

A
  • Simple sugars
  • The simplest forms of sugar and the most basic units from which all carbohydrates are built.
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18
Q

What are the 3 main types of monosaccharides?

A
  • alpha glucose
  • beta glucose
  • beta fructose
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19
Q

What’s the difference between monosaccharides and monomers

A

Monosaccharides are monomers, however, monosaccharides are carbohydrate specific

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20
Q

What is the difference between alpha and beta glucose?

A
  • The orientation of the -OH group on carbon 1 (Alpha is a same-sided 1-4 hydroxyl groups, while beta refers to opposite-sided 1-4 hydroxyl groups)
  • Beta glucose is soluble in water
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21
Q

How is a disaccharide formed?

A

Monosaccharides take part in a condensation reaction

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22
Q

What is the difference between disaccharides and monosaccharides?

A

Monosaccharides are only 1 glucose, where di is two

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23
Q

What are the different glycosidic linkages of a disaccharides?

A

Beta 1,4 and 1,6
Alpha can only do 1,4

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24
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

Lots of monosaccharides bonded together eg. Cellulose and starch

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25
Q

Describe the structure of cellulose

A

Straight chain, Beta-1,4-glucosidic linkage

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26
Q

Describe the structure of starch

A

Straight chain, Alpha-1,4-glycosidic linkage

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27
Q

What are two types/ variations of starch?

A
  1. Amylose
  2. Amylopectin
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28
Q

What is the differences between Amylose (1) and Amylopectin (2)?

A

(1) Alpha formation (coiled helix), straight chain, therefore harder to break the bond
(2) Highly branched (easier to break because water and enzymes can reach) due to -OH position, easier to break

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29
Q

What monosaccharides has a 5x carbon ring structure?

A

Glucose

30
Q

What two molecules makeup triglycerides? What does it form?

A
  1. Glycerol
  2. 3x fatty acids
    = 3x ester groups
31
Q

What kind of reaction forms a triglyceride?

A

Condensation

32
Q

What are fatty acids made up of?

A

Long carbon chain and hydroxyl group

33
Q

What are the two types of fatty acids

A

Unsaturated and Saturated

34
Q

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

A

unsaturated = double bonds (healthier ones)
saturated = single bonds (bad ones)

35
Q

What is the formula for unsaturated/ monosaturated (1), and saturated (2) fatty acids

A
  1. CnH2n-1COOH
  2. CnH2n+1COOH
36
Q

How does the position of a double bond in a unsaturated carbon effect the molecule?

A
  • It can be classified further into different unsaturated carbons
  • the name of the molecule changes depending on how far from the omega carbon it is
37
Q

What is an ‘omega carbon’?

A

The carbon at the other end of the carboxylic group

38
Q

What does fatty acid kinks result in?

A

Lowers the melting and boiling point of the molecule because intermolecular forces are weak*

39
Q

How does the trans arrangement effect the molecule?

A

Increased melting and boiling point

40
Q

What is essential and nonessential fats

A

essential = need to consume
nonessential = can be made in the body

41
Q

What happens in base (NaOH) hydrolysis of triglycerides (soap)

A

Separation of the glycerol and fatty acid = soap

42
Q

What parts of the lipids are (1)hydrophobic and (2)hydrophilic?

A

(1) end/tails (long carbon chain)
(2) heads (ionic)

43
Q

What does the non-polar hydrocarbons react with

A

Non-polar substances ( fats and oils) **via dispersion forces

44
Q

What part does the ionic end react with? What kind of bonding is this?

A

Water
Through ion-dipole bonding

45
Q

What does amphipathic mean?

A

A hydrophilic and hydrophobic end

46
Q

Micelles are the…

A

The little circle of the lipids trapping the oil in

47
Q

What is hard water?

A

Lots of minerals in the water

48
Q

How is ‘scum’ produced?

A

Fatty ions react with metal ions, therefore forming precipitates

49
Q

What functional group is triglycerides from?

A

Ester

50
Q

Define polymer and polymerization

A

Multiple monomers bonding together to form long strands

51
Q

What are co-polymers?

A

Condensation polymers

52
Q

What name is given to 4x ethene?

A

Polyethene

53
Q

What kind of polymerization forms unsaturated organic molecules?

A

Addition

54
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: When double carbon bonds break (ene) they form an (ane)

A

FALSE: its still an ethane

55
Q

What does (1)LDPE and (2)HDPE stand for?

A

(1)Low Density Polyethene
(2)High Density Polyethene

56
Q

What are the characteristics of LDPE?

A
  • Formed in high temps and pressures
  • Contains branches (therefore weak dispersion force)
  • Low MP
  • Bendy
57
Q

What are the characteristics of HDPE?

A
  • Formed in low pressure
  • Long carbon chain (string intermolecular forces)
  • High MP
  • Hard
58
Q

What are the characteristics of Thermoplastics?

A
  • softened when heated (can be reshaped and recycled)
  • They can bend due to their stronger INTRAmolecular bonds vs their INTERmolecular bond
59
Q

What are the characteristics of Thermosetting?

A
  • Burn (impossible to remold)
  • Covalent bonds
  • INTRA and INTER bonds are similar strength
60
Q

What is crosslinking?

A

Intermolecular or intramolecular joining of two or more molecules by a covalent bond. eg. thermoplastics, elastomer, thermoset

61
Q

What are the main factors effecting plastic properties?

A
  • branching
  • chain length
    side groups
  • crystallization
62
Q

What does polarity effect in polymers

A
  • strength of intermolecular bonds
63
Q

What kind of bond increases strength in polar molecules?

A

Hydrogen bonds or dipole-dipole bonds

64
Q

How does carbon chain length effect intermolecular forces?

A

Longer chain = increased strength
Shorter chain = decreases strength

65
Q

How does branching effect strength?

A

More branches reduce stacking = less strong

66
Q

How do side groups effect strength?

A

Don’t allow strong intermolecular forces

67
Q

What is an Isotactic polymers structure?

A

All methyl groups are found on 1 side = formation of crystalline (stronger)

68
Q

What is an Atactic polymers structure?

A

Methyl groups are randomly distributed = no crystalline formation = weak, soft, low melting point

69
Q

What is a Syndiotactic polymers structure?

A

Methyl groups alternate sides = crystalline regions, hard, strong, high melting point

70
Q

What can can enhance polymers properties

A

Additives

71
Q

What is the difference between crystalline and amorphous structure?

A

Crystallin has a regular arrangement, chain are compact
Amorphous has irregular arrangement patterns, overall weaker

Chem UNIT 4 (6 decks)

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