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Chemistry > Organic - Introduction to Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic - Introduction to Organic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is an addition reaction?

A

A reaction where a molecule joins to an unsaturated molecule to produce a saturated molecule.

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2
Q

What is aliphatic?

A

Organic compounds containing carbon chains and branches (straight chained, non-aromatic).

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3
Q

What is aromatic?

A

Organic compounds containing one or more benzene ring (s).

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4
Q

What is carbocation?

A

A positive ion with the positive charge on a carbon atom.

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5
Q

What is cyclic?

A

Organic compounds containing carbon rings (not aromatic rings). Also called alicyclic.

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6
Q

What is dehydration?

A

Elimination of water.

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7
Q

What is dehydrogenation?

A

Elimination of hydrogen.

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8
Q

What is an electrophile?

A

Lone pair acceptor.

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9
Q

What is an elimination reaction?

A

A reaction where a molecule is lost from a saturated molecule to form an unsaturated molecule.

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10
Q

What is free radical?

A

Species with an unpaired electron.

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11
Q

What is a functional group?

A

The atom or group of atoms that is responsible for most of the chemical reactions of a molecule.

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12
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A family of compounds with the same general formula and similar chemical properties. In a series, each member differs by the addition of a CH2 group and there is a gradual change in physical properties.

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13
Q

What is hydration?

A

The addition of water.

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14
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

A molecule containing hydrogen and carbon atoms only.

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15
Q

What is hydrogenation?

A

The addition of hydrogen.

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16
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

A reaction involving the breaking of bonds due to a reaction with water.

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17
Q

What is a nucleophile?

A

Lone pair donor.

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18
Q

What is organic chemistry?

A

The study of compounds containing carbon.

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19
Q

What is saturated?

A

Molecule containing no double carbon bonds.

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20
Q

What are stereoisomers?

A

Molecules with the same molecular and structural formulae but a different spatial arrangement of atoms.

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21
Q

What are the two types of stereoisomers?

A
  • geometric isomers

- optical isomers

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22
Q

What are geometric isomers?

A

Molecules which have different arrangement of groups around C=C.

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23
Q

What are optical isomers?

A

Molecules which are non-superimposable mirror images.

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24
Q

What are structural isomers?

A

Molecules with the same molecular formular but different structures.

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25
Q

What are the three types of structural isomers?

A
  • chain isomers
  • position isomers
  • functional group isomers
26
Q

What are chain isomers?

A

Structural isomers that differ by having a different carbon chain.

27
Q

What are position isomers?

A

Structural isomers that differ by having the functional group in a different position.

28
Q

What are functional group isomers?

A

Structural isomers that differ by having a different functional group.

29
Q

What is a substitution reaction?

A

Reaction where an atom/group replaces another atom/group.

30
Q

What is unsaturated?

A

Molecule containing double bonds/a double bond between carbon atoms.

31
Q

What are the 6 types of formula?

A
  • molecular formula
  • empirical formula
  • general formula
  • structural formula
  • displayed formula
  • skeletal formula
32
Q

What is a molecular formula?

A

Formula that gives the actual number of atoms of each element in one molecule.

33
Q

What is a empirical formula?

A

Formula that gives the simplest ratio of atoms of each element in a compound.

34
Q

What is a general formula?

A

This shows the number of atoms of each element in a substance which has n carbon atoms. All the molecules in a homologous series have the same general formula.

35
Q

What is a structural formula?

A

This shows how the atoms are joined together in a molecule.

36
Q

What is a displayed formula?

A

This shows all the bonds and atoms in a molecule.

37
Q

What is a skeletal formula?

A

This uses lines to represent bonds. Each point represents a carbon atom. Hydrogen atoms and bonds to hydrogen atoms are not usually shown (unless part of a functional group, e.g. alcohol, aldehyde). Other atoms are shown.

38
Q

What is the name of organic compounds based around?

A

the name of the longest carbon chain (which contains the functional group)

39
Q

How do you name organic compounds?

A
  1. Find the longest carbon to carbon chain (not always straight).
  2. Identify the side branches.
  3. Circle all the functional groups and identify them.
  4. Number the chain so that the branch with the highest priority functional group has the lowest number possible.
  5. Di-, tri- etc. used for more than one branch of the same kind.
  6. Branches in alphabetical order.
  7. Comma’s between numbers, e.g. 2,2 or 2,3.
  8. Hyphens separate numbers from letters, e.g. 2,3-dimethyl and no gaps between name, e.g. methylpropane.
40
Q

What are the stems for each number of carbon atoms?

A 
1C - meth
2C - eth
3C - prop
4C - but
5C - pent
6C - hex
7C - hept
8C - oct
9C - non
10C - dec
41
Q

What are some nomenclature rules?

A
  • The name is based around the name of the longest carbon chain (which contains the functional group).
  • The functional group is indicated by a prefix or suffix, e.g. chloroethane.
  • The position of the functional group is given by a number - counting from the end that gives the functional group the lowest number.
  • We only include numbers if they are needed.
  • Where there are two or more of the same groups, di-, tri-, tetra, penta-, hexa-, etc. are used.
  • If there is more than one functional group/substitutent, numbers are separated by commas and the groups are listed in alphabetical order (ignoring any di, tri, etc.), e.g. 3-bromo-1-chlorobutane, 2,3-dibromo-1-chlorobutane.
  • The suffix for alkenes can go in front of other suffixes, e.g. 2-chlorobut-3-enal.
42
Q

What are the alkyl groups?

A

These groups are derived from alkanes with an H missing.

  • methyl
  • ethyl
  • propyl
  • butyl
43
Q

What is the prefix/suffix for alkenes?

A

suffix = -ene

44
Q

What is the prefix/suffix for alkanes?

A

suffix = -ane

45
Q

What is the prefix/suffix for alcohols?

A 
suffix = -ol
prefix = hydroxyl-
46
Q

What is the prefix/suffix for haloalkanes?

A

prefix = chloro-, bromo-, iodo-, fluro-

47
Q

What is the prefix/suffix for aldehydes?

A

suffix = -al

48
Q

What is the prefix/suffix for ketones?

A 
suffix = -one
prefix = oxo-
49
Q

What is the prefix/suffix for carboxylic acids?

A

suffix = -oic acid

50
Q

What is the prefix/suffix for nitriles?

A

suffix = -nitrile

51
Q

What is the prefix/suffix for amines?

A 
suffix = -amine
prefix = amino-
52
Q

Why can carbon form rings and very long chains, that may be branched?

A
  • a carbon atom has four electrons in its outer shell, so it forms four covalent bonds
  • carbon-carbon bonds are relatively strong (347 kJ mol-1) and non-polar.
  • the carbon-hydrogen bond is also strong (413 kJ mol-1) and relatively non-polar.
  • hydrocarbon chains form the skeleton of most organic compounds.
53
Q

How does the length of the carbon chain affect a homologous series?

A

The length of the carbon chain has little effect on the chemical reactivity of the functional group. The length of the carbon chain affects physical properties, like melting point, boiling point, and solubility. Melting points and boiling points increase by a small amount as the number of carbon atoms in the chain increases. This is because the intermolecular forces increase. In general, small molecules are gases, larger ones liquids or solids. Chain branching generally reduces melting points because the molecules pack together less well.

54
Q

What is the prefix/suffix for esters?

A

suffix = -oate

55
Q

What is the prefix/suffix for acyl chlorides?

A

suffix = -oyl chloride

56
Q

What is the list of homologous series in order of increasing priority when naming compounds?

A
  • haloalkane (least prioritised)
  • alkene
  • amine
  • alcohol
  • ketone
  • aldehyde
  • nitrile
  • acyl chloride
  • ester
  • carboxylic acid
57
Q

What mechanism is used for alkene -> alcohol? What reagents and conditions?

A
  • electrophilic addition (or hydration)
  • concentrated sulphuric acid, 0 degrees Celsius, then hydrolysis
  • warm under reflux (steam with an acid catalyst)
58
Q

What mechanism is used for alcohol -> alkene? What reagents and conditions?

A
  • elimination

- excess concentrated sulphuric acid, heat to 170 degrees Celsius

59
Q

What mechanism is used for alkene -> haloalkane? What reagents and conditions?

A
  • electrophilic addition

- hydrogen halide, room temperature

60
Q

What mechanism is used for alkane -> haloalkane? What reagents and conditions?

A
  • free radical substitution

- ultraviolet light and chlorine or bromine

61
Q

What is the prefix/suffix for amides?

A

suffix = -amide

Chemistry (38 decks)

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