ORGANIC INTRODUCTION Flashcards
Define a hydrocarbon
A compound consisting of hydrogen and carbon only
Define saturated
Contains single C-C bonds only
Define unsaturated
Contains at least one C=C double bond
Define molecular formula
The formula showing the actual number and each type of atom
Define empirical formula
Shows the simplest whole number ratio of sons of each element in the compound
Define general formula
Algebraic formula for a homologous series
EG CnH2n (alkenes)
Define structural formula
Shows the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule
EG CH3CH2CH2CH3 or CH3(CH2)2CH3 (butane)
Define skeletal formula
Shows the simplified organic formula shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups
Define homologous series
Families of organic compounds with the same functional group and same general formula
What properties does a homologous series have?
Shows a gradual change in physical properties
Differs by CH2 from the last
Same chemical properties
Define functional group
An atom or group of atoms which when present in different molecules causes them to have similar chemical properties
Alkane functional group
C-C
Alkene functional group
C=C
Alcohol functional group
C-OH
Halogenalkane functional group
C-(halogen)
Aldehyde functional group
O
||
C=H
Ketone functional group
O
||
C
Carboxylic acid functional group
O
||
C=OH
Ester functional group
O
||
C-O-
Name this functional group and its prefix/suffix
C-C
Alkane
-Ane
Name this functional group and its prefix/suffix
C=C
-ene
Name this functional group and its prefix/suffix
C-OH
Alcohol
-ol
Hydroxy-
Name this functional group and its prefix/suffix
C-(halogen)
Halogenalkanes
Choro-
Bromo-
Iodo-
Name this functional group and its prefix/suffix
O
||
C-H
Aldehydes
-al
Formyl-
Name this functional group and its prefix/suffix
O
||
C
Ketones
-one
Oxo-
Name this functional group and its prefix/suffix
O
||
C-OH
Carboxylic acids
-oic acid
Name this functional group and its prefix/suffix
O
||
C=O-
Ester
-yl-oate
What are the general rules for naming carbon chains?
Count the longest carbon chain and name appropriately
Find any branched chains and count how many carbons they contain
Add the appropriate prefix for each branch chain
What are the basic rules for naming functional groups when using a suffix
If it starts with a vowel remove the e from the alkane name
If it starts with a consonant or there are two or more of a functional group meaning; do or tru needs to be used and DO NOT remove the e
What are the basic rules for naming functional groups when numbering
The position of the functional group is given the number of the carbon atom
Aldehydes, carboxylic acids and nitriles are always on carbon 1
Numbers aren’t used on non ambiguous molecules
Functional group is numbered before a branched chain
What are the basic rules for naming functional groups when using punctuation
Two or more of the same groups are suffixed di, tri, tetra, penta or hexa
Words are separated by numbers with dashes
Numbers are separated by commas
If there is more than one functional group or branch the groups are listed alphabetically (ignoring di, tri etc:)
What are the basic rules for naming halogenoalkanes
Class the halogen as a substitute by on the c chain
Use the appropriate prefix (fluoro chloro bromo or iodo)
Give the position number if necessary
What are the basic rules for naming alcohols
Use the suffix ol with the position number between the halogen and suffix
If the compound has an OH group the prefix hydroxy is used instead
If there is more than on OH group then e is added to the name stem
What are the basic rules for naming aldehydes
Use the suffix al
The functional group is always on carbon 1
Therefor no number is used
What are the basic rules for naming ketones?
-one suffix
Ketones with more than 4 carbons need positional numbers
If there are two ketone groups:
Di is placed before the one suffix
And e is added to the stem
What are the basic rules for naming carboxylic acids
Suffix -oic acid
No position numbers
Must always be at the end of a chain
Numbering starts at the carboxylic acid end
Two carboxylic acids is a dioic acid
What are the basic rules for naming esters
Suffix of -yl
Next to single bonded oxygen
-anoate
The chain continuing the C=O bond
Define homolytic fission
The breaking of a covalent bond where each atom gets one electron creating two free radicals
Define free radical
A reactive species which possesses an unpaired electron
Define heterolytic fission
The breaking of a covalent bond where one atom get both electrons forming two ions
Define structural isomer
Same molecular formula different structurest
What can structural isomerism arise from?
Chain isomerism
Position isomerism
Functional group isomerism
Define chain isomer
Compounds with the same molecular formula but different carbon skeleton structures
Define position isomer
Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures due to different positions of the same functional group on the same carbon skeleton
Define functional group isomer
Compounds with the same molecular formula but with atoms arrange to give different functional groups
Define stereoisomer
Compounds with the same structural formulae but a different spatial arrangement of atoms
When do E-Z isomers arise?
When there is restricted rotation around a C=C bond
When there are two different groups/atoms attached to both ends of the double bond
Define priority group
The atom with the bigger atomic number
Outline the steps for naming E-Z isomers
Determine the priority groups in both sides of the double bond
If the priority atoms are on the same side label Z
If the priority atoms are on opposite sides label E
Outline the CIP priority rules
A higher atomic number receives higher priority
If there is a tie consider groups attached to groups of the double bond
At the earliest difference
A higher atomic number receivers higher priority
