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AS CHEMISTRY > ORGANIC INTRODUCTION > Flashcards

ORGANIC INTRODUCTION Flashcards

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1
Q

Define a hydrocarbon

A

A compound consisting of hydrogen and carbon only

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2
Q

Define saturated

A

Contains single C-C bonds only

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3
Q

Define unsaturated

A

Contains at least one C=C double bond

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4
Q

Define molecular formula

A

The formula showing the actual number and each type of atom

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5
Q

Define empirical formula

A

Shows the simplest whole number ratio of sons of each element in the compound

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6
Q

Define general formula

A

Algebraic formula for a homologous series

EG CnH2n (alkenes)

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7
Q

Define structural formula

A

Shows the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule

EG CH3CH2CH2CH3 or CH3(CH2)2CH3 (butane)

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8
Q

Define skeletal formula

A

Shows the simplified organic formula shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups

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9
Q

Define homologous series

A

Families of organic compounds with the same functional group and same general formula

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10
Q

What properties does a homologous series have?

A

Shows a gradual change in physical properties
Differs by CH2 from the last
Same chemical properties

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11
Q

Define functional group

A

An atom or group of atoms which when present in different molecules causes them to have similar chemical properties

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12
Q

Alkane functional group

A

C-C

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13
Q

Alkene functional group

A

C=C

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14
Q

Alcohol functional group

A

C-OH

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15
Q

Halogenalkane functional group

A

C-(halogen)

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16
Q

Aldehyde functional group

A

O
||
C=H

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17
Q

Ketone functional group

A

O
||
C

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18
Q

Carboxylic acid functional group

A

O
||
C=OH

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19
Q

Ester functional group

A

O
||
C-O-

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20
Q

Name this functional group and its prefix/suffix

C-C

A

Alkane

-Ane

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21
Q

Name this functional group and its prefix/suffix

C=C

A

-ene

22
Q

Name this functional group and its prefix/suffix

C-OH

A

Alcohol

-ol
Hydroxy-

23
Q

Name this functional group and its prefix/suffix

C-(halogen)

A

Halogenalkanes

Choro-
Bromo-
Iodo-

24
Q

Name this functional group and its prefix/suffix

O
||
C-H

A

Aldehydes

-al
Formyl-

25
Q

Name this functional group and its prefix/suffix

O
||
C

A

Ketones

-one
Oxo-

26
Q

Name this functional group and its prefix/suffix

O
||
C-OH

A

Carboxylic acids

-oic acid

27
Q

Name this functional group and its prefix/suffix

O
||
C=O-

A

Ester

-yl-oate

28
Q

What are the general rules for naming carbon chains?

A

Count the longest carbon chain and name appropriately

Find any branched chains and count how many carbons they contain

Add the appropriate prefix for each branch chain

29
Q

What are the basic rules for naming functional groups when using a suffix

A

If it starts with a vowel remove the e from the alkane name

If it starts with a consonant or there are two or more of a functional group meaning; do or tru needs to be used and DO NOT remove the e

30
Q

What are the basic rules for naming functional groups when numbering

A

The position of the functional group is given the number of the carbon atom

Aldehydes, carboxylic acids and nitriles are always on carbon 1

Numbers aren’t used on non ambiguous molecules

Functional group is numbered before a branched chain

31
Q

What are the basic rules for naming functional groups when using punctuation

A

Two or more of the same groups are suffixed di, tri, tetra, penta or hexa

Words are separated by numbers with dashes

Numbers are separated by commas

If there is more than one functional group or branch the groups are listed alphabetically (ignoring di, tri etc:)

32
Q

What are the basic rules for naming halogenoalkanes

A

Class the halogen as a substitute by on the c chain

Use the appropriate prefix (fluoro chloro bromo or iodo)

Give the position number if necessary

33
Q

What are the basic rules for naming alcohols

A

Use the suffix ol with the position number between the halogen and suffix

If the compound has an OH group the prefix hydroxy is used instead

If there is more than on OH group then e is added to the name stem

34
Q

What are the basic rules for naming aldehydes

A

Use the suffix al

The functional group is always on carbon 1

Therefor no number is used

35
Q

What are the basic rules for naming ketones?

A

-one suffix

Ketones with more than 4 carbons need positional numbers

If there are two ketone groups:
Di is placed before the one suffix
And e is added to the stem

36
Q

What are the basic rules for naming carboxylic acids

A

Suffix -oic acid

No position numbers

Must always be at the end of a chain

Numbering starts at the carboxylic acid end

Two carboxylic acids is a dioic acid

37
Q

What are the basic rules for naming esters

A

Suffix of -yl
Next to single bonded oxygen

-anoate
The chain continuing the C=O bond

38
Q

Define homolytic fission

A

The breaking of a covalent bond where each atom gets one electron creating two free radicals

39
Q

Define free radical

A

A reactive species which possesses an unpaired electron

40
Q

Define heterolytic fission

A

The breaking of a covalent bond where one atom get both electrons forming two ions

41
Q

Define structural isomer

A

Same molecular formula different structurest

42
Q

What can structural isomerism arise from?

A

Chain isomerism
Position isomerism
Functional group isomerism

43
Q

Define chain isomer

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different carbon skeleton structures

44
Q

Define position isomer

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures due to different positions of the same functional group on the same carbon skeleton

45
Q

Define functional group isomer

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula but with atoms arrange to give different functional groups

46
Q

Define stereoisomer

A

Compounds with the same structural formulae but a different spatial arrangement of atoms

47
Q

When do E-Z isomers arise?

A

When there is restricted rotation around a C=C bond

When there are two different groups/atoms attached to both ends of the double bond

48
Q

Define priority group

A

The atom with the bigger atomic number

49
Q

Outline the steps for naming E-Z isomers

A

Determine the priority groups in both sides of the double bond

If the priority atoms are on the same side label Z

If the priority atoms are on opposite sides label E

50
Q

Outline the CIP priority rules

A

A higher atomic number receives higher priority

If there is a tie consider groups attached to groups of the double bond
At the earliest difference
A higher atomic number receivers higher priority

AS CHEMISTRY (17 decks)

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