Organic intro & Nomenclature Flashcards
What are the first 10 stem words for organic molecules?
Meth
Eth
Prop
But
Pent
Hex
Hept
Oct
Non
Dec
What are the prefixes for when there are more than two of some groups?
Di-
Tri-
Tetra-
Penta-
Hexa-
What are the first four alkyl groups?
methyl
ethyl
propyl
butyl
What is the suffix and prefix of alcohols?
-ol
hydroxyl-
What are the main 3 prefixes of haloalkanes?
chloro-
bromo-
iodo-
What is the suffix for aldehydes
-al
What is the suffix and prefix for ketones?
-one
oxo-
What is the suffix for carboxylic acids?
-oic acid
What is the suffix for nitriles?
-nitrile
What is the suffix and prefix for amines?
-amine
amino-
What is an alkane?
A homologous series of saturated hydrocarbons with a general formula if Cn H2n+2
What is the general formula for cycloalkanes?
It is the same as alkenes
Cn H2n
Definition of a haloalkane
A homologous series of saturated cimpounds with a general formula of CnH2n+1X
How many outer (valence) electrons does Carbon have?
4 (LN)
Can carbon bond with itself (catenate)?
Yes, it can catenate to form a long chain, ring and cage structures.
Definition of a functional group
An atom/ group of atoms in an organic molecule, which is responsible for the characteristic reactions of that molecule
Definition of a homologous series
A family of compounds that all contain the same functional group and can be represented by the same general formula.
Molecular formula definition
Actual numbers of atoms if each element in a compound (e.g glucose = C6H12O6 )
Empirical formula definition
The simplest ratio of atoms of each element in a compound ( CH2O )
General formula definition
A type of empirical formula, represents the composition of any member of an entire class of compounds
Structural formula definition
A unique arrangement of atoms in a molecule without showing every bond
Displayed (graphical) formula definition
Shows every atom and energy bond in a molecule
Skeletal formula definition
A carbon chain skeleton of a compound with all the Hydrogen atoms removed leaving just the functional group attached to it.
Structural isomer definition
Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures
Stereo isomer definition
Compounds with the same molecular and structural formula but the bonds are arranged differently in space
Chain isomer definition
Compounds with the same molecular formula but the carbon chains are different (e.g butane and methyl propane)
As the Mr of an alkane increases what happens to its melting and boiling points?
As the Mr increases the number of electrons increases so the Van der Waals forces increases so the melting and boiling point increase
How does an increase in branching in alkanes affect the boiling point?
An increase in branching leads to the boiling point decreasing as the molecules don’t pack together as closely, so the Van der Waals forces are weaker.
Position isomer definition
A compound with the same molecular formula but the functional group is in a different place on the carbon chain
Functional group isomers definition
A compound with the same molecular formula but containing different functional groups (e.g Cyclohecane and hex-1-ene) (e.g ethanol and methoxymethane) (e.g propanal and propanone)
Geometric isomerism definition
(E-Z isomers), they have the same molecular and structural formula but have a different arrangement of the bonds in space.
Why does stereoisomerism occur?
It occurs because there is no rotation around the Carbon = Carbon double bond
What is the problem with the sizes of the molecules in crude oil?
It is made up of much more big and medium sized molecules than the mos=re useful smaller molecules.
What are the 3 main stages of fractional distillation?
1) Crude oil is heated to about 400 degrees
2) Oil vapours enter the bottom of the fractioning column and start to rise up
3) As the vapours rise, they cool and condense back to liquid at different times (depending on the boiling point)
Cracking definition
The process of talking larger, less useful hydrocarbon molecules and breaking them down to form smaller more useful molecules
Big Alkanes –> Smaller Alkanes + Alkenes + Hydrogen
Thermal cracking conditions and what it produces
High temperature (800 degrees) and high pressure (700kPa). produces a high percentage of alkenes and uses a free radical mechanism
Catalytic cracking conditions and what it produces
High temperature (450 degrees) and slight pressure, zeolite catalyst and produces mainly branched chain alkanes used as motor fuels
