organic info Flashcards
When is an amine a nucleophile?
When an amine lone pair reacts to form a bond with any atom other than H, we say it is acting as a nucleophile.
When is an amine a base?
When an amine lone pair reacts to form a bond with an H+ ion( basically a proton) it is a base
The general formula of cyclic alkenes is?
CnH2n-2
draw the mechanism for the reaction of bromoethane with ammonia
https://cognitoedu.org/coursesubtopic/c3-alevel-aqa_PwogFJjU
describe this Organic reaction :
Addition
- The joining of two or more molecules to form a larger molecule.
describe this Organic reaction :
Elimination
- An atom or a small group of atoms detaches from a larger molecule.
describe this Organic reaction : Substitution
- One atom or group is replaced by another.
describe this Organic reaction : Hydrolysis
Hydrolysis - A molecule splits by incorporating H+ and OH- from water.
describe this Organic reaction :
Oxidation
- A process where a species loses electrons to an oxidising agent, represented by [O] in equations.
describe this Organic reaction :
Reduction
Reduction - A process where a species gains electrons from a reducing agent, represented by [H] in equations.
describe this reagent : Nucleophiles
Electron pair donors. They contain lone pairs or negative charges and can donate those electrons during reactions since they are electron rich.
Examples of nucleophiles include
OH-,CN-,NH3( you only need to know these 3 in AS level according to aqa specification)
describe this reagent : Electrophiles
Electrophiles - Electron pair acceptors. They are electron deficient and can accept electron pairs during reactions.
Examples of Electrophiles include
Examples include H+ / partially positive , Br partially positive
describe this reagent : radicals
Radicals - Species with one (or more) unpaired electrons. Their unpaired electron makes them highly reactive. They do not donate/accept electron pairs but can react with most chemical bonds, including non-polarised C-C and C-H bonds.
Examples of radicals include
Examples include Cl* and CH3Cl* radicals.
*= DOT
Heating under reflux means…
Heating under reflux means heating with a condenser placed vertically in the round bottom flask with heat under it to prevent loss of volatile substances from the mixture
https://study.com/cimages/multimages/16/706a7b11-c558-4f1c-afc7-11e37e7a4d88_figure_11.png
Potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide are both strong ?, but ? has a slightly higher?.
Potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide are both strong alkalis, but potassium hydroxide has a slightly higher alkalinity.
OH- acts as a ? in elimination reactions by removing a ?.
OH- acts as a base in elimination reactions by removing a proton(H+).
A base is
something that reacts with an acid to form water and a salt.
An alkali is
any base that is soluble in water.
Substitution is favoured in ? solution. OH- acts as a ? here.
Substitution is favoured in aqueous solution. OH- acts as a nucleophile here.
Elimination is favoured in ? solution. OH- acts as a ? here.
Elimination is favoured in ethanolic solution. OH- acts as a base here.
how can you get both elimination and substitution reactions to occur?
Using a solvent mixture of water and alcohol allows both reactions to occur, giving a mixture of products.
