Organic III Reactions And Conditions

Question 1

Conditions and product of the halogenation of benzene

Answer 1

-X2 + FeX3 catalyst
Electrophile produced by:
X2 + FeX3 —> [FeX4]- + X+

-forms an halogenobenzene (e.g. chlorobenzeneor bromobenzene) and HX (to regenerate catalyst)

Question 2

Conditions and product of the nitration of benzene

Answer 2

-conc HNO3 and a conc H2SO4 catalyst
-heated under reflux at 50-55C
Generate electrophile by:
HNO3 + H2SO4 —> NO2+ + H3O+ + 2HSO4-

-forms a nitrobenzene

Question 3

Conditions and products of Freidel-Crafts alkylation of benzene

Answer 3

-requires a Halogenoalkane and AlX3 catalyst
-heated at 60 c
Generating electrophile:
R-X + AlCl3 —> R+ + [AlCl4]-

-forms an alkylbenzene and HX

Question 4

Conditions and products of Friedel-Crafts acylation of benzene

Answer 4

-any acyl chloride with an AlCl3 catalyst
-heated at 60 c
Generating electrophile:
RCOCl + AlCl3 —> RCO+ + [AlCl4]-

-forms an _oyl benzene and HCl

Question 5

Reaction of an amine with water

Answer 5

RNH2 + H3O+ —> RNH3+ + H2O

Question 6

Reaction of amines with acids

Answer 6

RNH2 + HCl —> RNH3+Cl-

Question 7

How can an amine be produced from a nitrile

Answer 7

Reduction by either:
-H2 at 150 C and a nickel catalyst
-LiAlH4 in dry ether

Equation for both:
RCN + 4[H] —> RCH2NH2

Question 8

How to prepare an amine from a Halogenoalkane

Answer 8

(For a primary amine) heat a primary Halogenoalkane in a sealed tube with excess ammonia dissolved in ethanol

Question 9

How to from a phenylamine (benzene with an amine group)

Answer 9

-reduction reaction of a nitrobenzene using tin and concentrated HCl at 50c under reflux

(C6H5)NO2 + 6[H] —> (C6H5)NH2 + 2H2O

Question 10

How to make an amide (primary, secondary and tertiary)

Answer 10

-react an acyl chloride with ammonia to from a primary amide

-React an acyl chloride with an primary amine to get a secondary amide

-react an acyl chloride with a secondary amine to get a tertiary amide