Organic II Flashcards
Are carboxylic acids soluble in water
Yes, because they form Hydrogen bonds with water. However, as chain length increases, solubility decreases and London forces increase and outweigh hydrogen bond
Explain a pro of polyesters compared to polymers.
They’re biodegradable because they can be broken down through hydrolysis due to the polarity within the molecule
How are esters formed
Carboxylic acids can react with alcohols in the presence of a strong acid catalyst under reflux
What are the two different Ester hydrolysis reactions?
Acid conditions:
- Add water and a carboxylic acid and alcohol form
Alkali conditions:
- Add NaOH and a carboxylate salt and alcohol forms
How do you extend the carbon chain my one?
Add hydrogen cyanide or potassium cyanide
What’s a problem with hydrogen cyanide?
Hard to store and a toxic gas which can react to form dangerous products
Why are Acyl chloride reactions (Acylation) reactions so violent?
Acyl chlorides are very polar
How do you make an acyl chloride?
React carboxylic acid with phosphorous chloride, other products are POCl3 and HCl
Give the structural formula of ethyl chloride.
CH3COCl
What does water and acyl chloride form?
Carboxylic acid
What does acyl chloride and alcohol form?
Ester
What does acyl chloride and ammonia form?
Amide
What does acyl chloride and amine form
N-substituted amide
What type of reaction is an Acyl chloride with anything under aqueous conditions?
Nucleophilic elimination
What conditions are needed for iodine to react with propanone
Acid acts as a catalyst
What’s the method for reacting propanone with iodine?
- Mix them together in acidic conditions
- Small samples are then removed from the mixture with a volumetric pipette
- Then quench by adding excess sodium hydrogen carbonate to neutralise the acid
- Then titration with sodium thiosulfate and starch catalyst
- Will go from yellow/brown to colourless
Define free radical
A species with one unpaired electron
What would u use to neutralise any unwanted acid in a solution.
Sodium hydrogencarbonate
Why is sodium chloride added when separating layers of a solution?
Helps the organic and aqueous layer seperate
