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Chemestry - CH2 > Organic Compounds And Their Reactions > Flashcards

Organic Compounds And Their Reactions Flashcards

0
Q

If there is no double bond present in a hydrocarbon what do we call it?

A

An Alkane.

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1
Q

What are compounds named according to?

A

The functional groups present.

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2
Q

If there is a double bond present in a hydrocarbon what do we call it?

A

An Alkene.

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3
Q

What does a hydroxyl group in place of a hydrogen give in an Alkane?

A

An Alcohol.

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4
Q

What does a carboxyl group (COOH) in place of a hydrogen atom give in an Alkane?

A

A carboxylic acid.

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5
Q

What does a halogen in place of a hydrogen in an Alkane give?

A

A halogenoalkane.

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6
Q

What do alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, acids, halogenoalkanes they all form?

A

A homologous series with each having a general formula which the members demonstrate. These compounds can be recognized in this way.

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7
Q

What is the compound named according to?

A

The number of C atoms in the longest up branched chain of C atoms which is arranged either in a straight line or a ring.

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8
Q

What are the prefixes for the carbon chain length?

A 
1 - meth
2 - eth
3 - prop
4 - but
5 - pent
6 - hex
7 - hept
8 - oct
9 - non
10 - dec
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9
Q

What prefix is added if the carbon atoms are attached in a ring?

A

The prefix cyclo is used e.g cyclo-butane.

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10
Q

How are other carbon chains (alkyl groups) attached to the parent chain or ring named?

A

According to the number of carbon atoms in the alkyl group and the ending “yl” is added. Eg methyl.

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11
Q

How is the position of attachments shown?

A

To show the position of attachment the carbon atoms of the parent chain are numbered so that the attachments are on the lowest possible carbon atom.

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12
Q

If more than one attachment of the same type is present how are their positions expressed.

A

In the same way as usual, however placing a comma between the two numbered positions and then the functional group name. E.g 2,3-dimethyl butane

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13
Q

In what order are the functional groups placed?

A

If two or more groups are present then they are placed in alphabetical order.

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14
Q

What ending is used for alkanes and alkenes.

A

Alkanes - “ane”

Alkenes - “ene”

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15
Q

What are the endings for acids and alcohols?

A

Alcohols - “ol”

Acids - “oic” acid

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16
Q

What are the three ways of showing the formulae of organic compounds?

A

Displayed
Shortened structural
Skeletal.

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17
Q

What is a displayed formula?

A

One in which all the atoms and bonds are shown

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18
Q

What is shortened structural formula?

A

This is where the atoms are grouped together and no bonds are drawn e.g CH₃CH₂OH

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19
Q

What is skeletal formula?

A

Only bonds are shown and it is assumed that at each end of a bond there is a carbon atom with the correct number of hydrogen atoms.

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20
Q

What changes in physical properties occur as the number of carbon atoms in a homologous series increases?

A

Melting and boiling points increase as there are more van der waals forces.The solubility of alcohols and acids decreases as hydrocarbon chain length increases and becomes more dominant.

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21
Q

Why do alcohols and acids have higher melting and boiling points than their corresponding alkanes?

A

Because they form hydrogen bonds with each other. As hydroxyl groups present.

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22
Q

Why are the hydrocarbons and halogenoalkanes insoluble in water?

A

The hydrocarbons and halogenoalkanes are insoluble in water as they are non-polar.

23
Q

Why are alcohols and acids soluble in water?

A

Alcohols and acids are soluble in water as they can form hydrogen bonds with water.

24
Q

What is isomerism?

A

The existence of different compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae.

25
Q

What are the different types of isomerism?

A

Chain isomerism
Positional isomerism
Functional group isomerism
Sys and trans (in alkenes)

26
Q

What is chain isomerism?

A

This is a form of structural isomerism. These are compounds withing the same homologous series but with different carbon chains. E.g butane and methyl propane.

27
Q

What is positional isomerism?

A

This is a form of structural isomerism. These are isomers which have the same functional groups but in different positions.

28
Q

Hat is functional group isomerism?

A

This is a form of structural isomerism. These are compounds with different functional groups. These therefore belong to different homologous series.

29
Q

Give some examples of functional group isomerism.

A

Alcohols and ethers have the same molecular formula e.g ethanol and methoxymethane

So do Aldehydes and keytones e.g propanol and propanome.

So do carboxylic acids and esters e.g ethanoic acid and methyl methanoate

30
Q

What is the significance of the double bond in alkenes in terms of physical properties?

A

The presence of double bonds mean that the atoms at either end cannot rotate with respect to one another and are fixed in space. This means that geometrical isomers such as E and Z isomers are possible.

31
Q

What is an E isomer?

A

If the higher priority groups are found on opposite sides of the double bond then it is a E isomer.

32
Q

What is a Z isomer?

A

If the higher priority groups are on the same side of the double bond then it is a Z isomer.

33
Q

How are the groups ranked? (In terms of E and Z isomerism)

A

In terms of the atomic number of the atoms concerned. The ones with the higher atomic number take precedence.

34
Q

What differences can E and Z isomers have?

A

These isomers may have different chemical and physical properties e.g

Z-butanoic acid had a bp of 130°C and forms an anhydride on heating.

E-butanoic acid has a bp of 200°C and does not form an anhydride.

35
Q

How may the presence of carbon and hydrogen in an organic compound be demonstrated?

A

By heating the compound with CopperII oxide which acts as an oxidising agent, changing any carbon into carbon dioxide and any hydrogen into water.

CO₂ can then be tested for by bubbling the gas produced through limewater. If CO₂ is present then the limewater turns milky

H₂O can be tested for by mixing with anhydrous Cobalt Chloride which will for from blue to pink in the presence of water.

36
Q

How may the presence Nitrogen and halogens be determined in an organic compound?

A

By heating the compound with sodium so that any nitrogen becomes SodiumCyanide and the Halogens form Sodium Chloride, Sodium Bromide etc. the exact halogen present can then be determined through the halide test.

37
Q

How is the presence of oxygen determined in an organic compound?

A

There is no simple test for oxygen. If the other elements percentages do not add up to 100 then the “missing” percentage is assumed to be oxygen.

38
Q

How may the percentages of Hydrogen and Carbon be determined in an organic compound?

A

By converting the carbon in a known weight of compound into a Carbon dioxide and absorbing the CO₂ in a known weight of Sodium Hydroxide solution.

The hydrogen, converted to water is absorbed by anhydrous Magnesium-per-chlorate.

39
Q

What is a substitution reaction?

A

This happens when an atom or group of atoms is replaced by another atom or group of atoms.

40
Q

What is an addition reaction?

A

If there is a single or double or triple bond in a molecule, other atoms or groups of atoms can be added onto the molecule making the double bond into a single bond.

41
Q

What is an elimination reaction?

A

If one molecule reacts to produce two or more molecules this is an example of elimination. E.g 1-bromopropane is treated with potassium hydroxide dissolved in ethanol, propane and hydrogen bromide are formed.

42
Q

What is a rearrangement reaction?

A

In a rearrangement, the order of the atoms forming the main part of the molecule is altered e,g the formation of urea from ammonium cyanate.

43
Q

What is a nucleophile?

A

This is a molecule that will attack a positive charge. Also known as nucleophillic reagents.

44
Q

What is an electrophile?

A

These are reagents that attack negative charges.

45
Q

What are the 5 types of functional group reactions?

A 
Electrophillic addition
Free radical
Elimination
Oxidation/reduction
Hydrolysis.
46
Q

Give an example and explain the mechanism of the electrophillic addition of a functional group.

A

Br₂ + C₂H₄ → C₂H₄Br₂

The high concentration of electrons in the double bond of ethane causes polarization of the Br-Br bond. It becomes BrΔ⁺-BrΔ⁻ and the BrΔ⁺ attacks the C=C double bond and then immediately the Br⁻ is added on.

47
Q

Give an example of a free radical functional group reaction.

A

The chlorination of Methane.

48
Q

What is the initiation step in the chlorination of methane?

A

U.V light causes a chlorine molecule to split by homolosis

Cl₂ → (U.V light) → Cl⋅ + Cl⋅

49
Q

What is the propagation step in the chlorination of methane?

A

CH₄ + Cl⋅ → CH₃ + HCL
CH₃ + Cl₂ → CH₃Cl + Cl⋅

This is a chain reaction.

50
Q

What are the three possible termination steps in the chlorination of methane?

A

CH₃⋅ + CH₃⋅ → C₂H₆
CH₃⋅ + Cl⋅ → CH₃Cl
Cl⋅ + Cl⋅ → Cl₂

51
Q

Give an example of a elimination functional group reaction.

A

Warming bromoalkanes with alcoholic KOH or NaOH gives alkenes plus HBr.

C₂H₅Br → (KOH alc) → C₂H₄ + HBr

52
Q

Give an example of an oxidation/reduction functional group reaction.

A

Primary alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes and then to acids.

CH₃CH₂OH → [O] → CH₃C(=O)(H) → [O] → CH₃COOH.

Oxidising agents used are potassium dichromateVI in acid and Potassium ManganateVII in acid. (Mixed with primary alcohol)

Strong reducing agents such as lithium-tetrahidrido-aluminateIII in ether will reduce acids to alcohols.

53
Q

What is a primary alcohol?

A

An alcohol in which the OH group is attached to a Carbon atom which is attached to only one other Carbon atom.

54
Q

Explain and Give an example of a Hydrolysis functional group reaction.

A

This is a reaction where the effect is that water has reacted. It is usually brought about by an acid or an alkali.

CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂
CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂Br + H.OH → CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂OH + HBr

This is a nucleophillic substitution reaction since the first step is attack of the 1-bromobutane by a OH⁻ group.

55
Q

How could you identify the presence of a double bond In a compound?

A

In two ways

  1. ) Shake the compound with Bromine water. The brown colour will turn colourless in the presence of a double bond.
  2. ) Shake it with acidified PotassiumManganateVII and the purple colour will turn to colourless in the presence of a double bond.
56
Q

How can Halogen atoms be identified In an organic compound?

A

Add sodium Hydroxide to the compound and stand it in a beaker of water at 60°C for a few minutes. Add Nitric acid to neutralize excess Sodium Hydroxide and then add silver Nitrate solution and perform Halide test:

Chloride - White precipitate soluble in dil ammonia
Bromide - Cream precipitate soluble in conc ammonia
Iodide - Yellow precipitate insoluble in conc ammonia.

Chemestry - CH2 (10 decks)

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