Organic compounds Flashcards
whats the most diverse atom in molecules?
carbon
carbon forms how many covalent bonds?
4
carbon is relatively __________?
electro neutral not e neg
carbon easily forms bonds with?
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen (primary elements)
carbon can form ________, _________, _________ bonds
single, double, triple
carbon can receive a charge in _____________ state but typically ____________.
transition, doesn’t have a charge
c-carbon, H-hydro, o-ates is?
carbohydrates
one sugar, simple sugars are?
monosaccharides
5 carbon sugars are?
pentosis
what two forms can carbon exist in?
ring or chain
what two nucleotides is carbon an important structural component
RNA and DNA
what are the 4 major classes of organic molecules?
carb, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
glucose, galactose, and fructose are examples of ?
6 carbon sugars
whats the ratio of carbon to oxygen in carbohydrates?
roughly 1:1
galactose and fructose are __________ of glucose
isomers and galactose OH changes
two sugar (double) sugars are called?
disaccharides
disaccharides are created through?
dehydration synthesis of 2 monosacs
glucose joined with fructose =
sucrose
glucose and galactos =
lactose
many sugars or chains of sugar is?
polysaccharide
long chains of glucose in plants is?
starch
long chains of glucose in animals is?
glycogen
liver and muscle cells store?
glycogen
what is the main function of carbs
energy source (glucose), structure and storage (glycogen)
what are the structural componets of carbs in the body?
glycolipds for cell to cell recognition glycocallyx
lipids are made of?
carbon hydrogen and oxygen
what is the ratio of carbon to oxygen in lipids
greater than 1:1 roughly 2:1
triglycerides are?
neutral fats composed of glycerol and 3 fatty acid chains
non polr fatty acid chains make lipids ______________ in water?
insoluable or hydrophobic
a fat with all single bonds for carbon and a generally solid at room temp are
saturated fats
a fat with one more double bond with with carbon and are liquid at room temp are?
unsaturated fats
this fat poses a greater risk for heart disease and plaque buildup
saturated
lipids have _____ times more energy per gram than carbs
2 times
polar heads and non polar tails of phospholipids have a ______________ relationship
amphipathic
steroids are __________ with more carbon than oxygen by a ration of?
lipids, more than 1:1
lipids have a rigid ____________?
ringlike structure
what is the precursor for all steroids?
cholesterol
where is cholesterol embedded?
in phospholipids
vitamin d, cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormones are steroids derived from?
cholesterol
what hormones maintains salt/water balance?
aldosterone
polymers made of monomers (amino acids) are?
proteins
how many amino acids are there?
20
what makes each amino acid unique?
R group
dehydration synthesis joins amino acids to make?
a peptide bond
a dipeptide is ______ amino acids?
2
a tripeptide is _______ amino acids
3
a polypeptide is ______ amino acids?
many
amino acids folded into its functional configuration makes?
proteins
how many levels of protein structure are there?
- primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
actual linear sequence of amino acids is?
primary structure
hydrogen bond reactions of alpha helix and beta pleated sheet is?
secondary structure
3d shapes formed from secondary is?
tertiary structure
multiple 2 or more polypeptide chains is?
quaternary strucutre
what breaks polymers?
hydrolosis
long and threadlike protein structures are?
fibrous proteins
collagen, keratin, ligaments and bones are examples of?
fibrous proteins
trachea and joints are made of?
elastin
muscle cell movements in regards to protein are done via?
actin and myosin
peroxidase converting H2O2 TO H2O and amylase breaking down starch to glucose are examples of proteins acting as ?
enzymes
hemoglobin binding and carrying oxygen and K+ channels are an example of protein acting as?
transport via channels and pumps
albumin acid and base buffer are examples of protein acting as?
PH buffer for blood
insulin regulating blood sugar is an example of protein acting as?
hormones
enkephalins regulating pain in the spinal chord are examples of protein acting as
neurotransmitter
antibodies are examples of proteins acting as?
immune system
a protein that catalyzes a reaction is ?
an enzyme
many enzymes are derived from?
vitamins liek vitamin B
enzymes work by reducing
activation energy energy threshold
the lock and key like area where substrate fits is?
active site
what two ways can proteins be denatured (loss of shape and function)
excessive heat (fever) excessive PH (too acidic or too basic)
proteins reassuming its shape is?
reversible denaturation
permanently damaged proteins shapes are considered?
irreversible denaturation
2 rings are?
pure rings
basic unit forming the DNA and RNA chains are?
nucleotides
what are the 4 bases of DNA
adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine
DNA forms a _________helix
double helix
in ATP gylcogen and lipids are?
a savings bond
in ATP glucose is?
energy as a large check
ATP is energy spent by cells like?
1$
ATP <> ADP + Pi + ENERGY
breaking bond releases useable energy
a sequence of nucleotides of DNA that codes for one protein is?
a gene
a sequence of nucleotides dictating sequence of amino acids for a protein is ?
genetic code
