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2nd lecture exam > Organic compounds > Flashcards

Organic compounds Flashcards

1
Q

whats the most diverse atom in molecules?

A

carbon

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2
Q

carbon forms how many covalent bonds?

A

4

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3
Q

carbon is relatively __________?

A

electro neutral not e neg

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4
Q

carbon easily forms bonds with?

A

hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen (primary elements)

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5
Q

carbon can form ________, _________, _________ bonds

A

single, double, triple

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6
Q

carbon can receive a charge in _____________ state but typically ____________.

A

transition, doesn’t have a charge

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7
Q

c-carbon, H-hydro, o-ates is?

A

carbohydrates

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8
Q

one sugar, simple sugars are?

A

monosaccharides

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9
Q

5 carbon sugars are?

A

pentosis

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10
Q

what two forms can carbon exist in?

A

ring or chain

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11
Q

what two nucleotides is carbon an important structural component

A

RNA and DNA

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12
Q

what are the 4 major classes of organic molecules?

A

carb, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

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13
Q

glucose, galactose, and fructose are examples of ?

A

6 carbon sugars

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14
Q

whats the ratio of carbon to oxygen in carbohydrates?

A

roughly 1:1

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15
Q

galactose and fructose are __________ of glucose

A

isomers and galactose OH changes

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16
Q

two sugar (double) sugars are called?

A

disaccharides

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17
Q

disaccharides are created through?

A

dehydration synthesis of 2 monosacs

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18
Q

glucose joined with fructose =

A

sucrose

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19
Q

glucose and galactos =

A

lactose

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20
Q

many sugars or chains of sugar is?

A

polysaccharide

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21
Q

long chains of glucose in plants is?

A

starch

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22
Q

long chains of glucose in animals is?

A

glycogen

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23
Q

liver and muscle cells store?

A

glycogen

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24
Q

what is the main function of carbs

A

energy source (glucose), structure and storage (glycogen)

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25
Q

what are the structural componets of carbs in the body?

A

glycolipds for cell to cell recognition glycocallyx

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26
Q

lipids are made of?

A

carbon hydrogen and oxygen

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27
Q

what is the ratio of carbon to oxygen in lipids

A

greater than 1:1 roughly 2:1

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28
Q

triglycerides are?

A

neutral fats composed of glycerol and 3 fatty acid chains

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29
Q

non polr fatty acid chains make lipids ______________ in water?

A

insoluable or hydrophobic

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30
Q

a fat with all single bonds for carbon and a generally solid at room temp are

A

saturated fats

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31
Q

a fat with one more double bond with with carbon and are liquid at room temp are?

A

unsaturated fats

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32
Q

this fat poses a greater risk for heart disease and plaque buildup

A

saturated

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33
Q

lipids have _____ times more energy per gram than carbs

A

2 times

34
Q

polar heads and non polar tails of phospholipids have a ______________ relationship

A

amphipathic

35
Q

steroids are __________ with more carbon than oxygen by a ration of?

A

lipids, more than 1:1

36
Q

lipids have a rigid ____________?

A

ringlike structure

37
Q

what is the precursor for all steroids?

A

cholesterol

38
Q

where is cholesterol embedded?

A

in phospholipids

39
Q

vitamin d, cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormones are steroids derived from?

A

cholesterol

40
Q

what hormones maintains salt/water balance?

A

aldosterone

41
Q

polymers made of monomers (amino acids) are?

A

proteins

42
Q

how many amino acids are there?

A

20

43
Q

what makes each amino acid unique?

A

R group

44
Q

dehydration synthesis joins amino acids to make?

A

a peptide bond

45
Q

a dipeptide is ______ amino acids?

A

2

46
Q

a tripeptide is _______ amino acids

A

3

47
Q

a polypeptide is ______ amino acids?

A

many

48
Q

amino acids folded into its functional configuration makes?

A

proteins

49
Q

how many levels of protein structure are there?

A
  1. primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
50
Q

actual linear sequence of amino acids is?

A

primary structure

51
Q

hydrogen bond reactions of alpha helix and beta pleated sheet is?

A

secondary structure

52
Q

3d shapes formed from secondary is?

A

tertiary structure

53
Q

multiple 2 or more polypeptide chains is?

A

quaternary strucutre

54
Q

what breaks polymers?

A

hydrolosis

55
Q

long and threadlike protein structures are?

A

fibrous proteins

56
Q

collagen, keratin, ligaments and bones are examples of?

A

fibrous proteins

57
Q

trachea and joints are made of?

A

elastin

58
Q

muscle cell movements in regards to protein are done via?

A

actin and myosin

59
Q

peroxidase converting H2O2 TO H2O and amylase breaking down starch to glucose are examples of proteins acting as ?

A

enzymes

60
Q

hemoglobin binding and carrying oxygen and K+ channels are an example of protein acting as?

A

transport via channels and pumps

61
Q

albumin acid and base buffer are examples of protein acting as?

A

PH buffer for blood

62
Q

insulin regulating blood sugar is an example of protein acting as?

A

hormones

63
Q

enkephalins regulating pain in the spinal chord are examples of protein acting as

A

neurotransmitter

64
Q

antibodies are examples of proteins acting as?

A

immune system

65
Q

a protein that catalyzes a reaction is ?

A

an enzyme

66
Q

many enzymes are derived from?

A

vitamins liek vitamin B

67
Q

enzymes work by reducing

A

activation energy energy threshold

68
Q

the lock and key like area where substrate fits is?

A

active site

69
Q

what two ways can proteins be denatured (loss of shape and function)

A

excessive heat (fever) excessive PH (too acidic or too basic)

70
Q

proteins reassuming its shape is?

A

reversible denaturation

71
Q

permanently damaged proteins shapes are considered?

A

irreversible denaturation

72
Q

2 rings are?

A

pure rings

73
Q

basic unit forming the DNA and RNA chains are?

A

nucleotides

74
Q

what are the 4 bases of DNA

A

adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine

75
Q

DNA forms a _________helix

A

double helix

76
Q

in ATP gylcogen and lipids are?

A

a savings bond

77
Q

in ATP glucose is?

A

energy as a large check

78
Q

ATP is energy spent by cells like?

A

1$

79
Q

ATP <> ADP + Pi + ENERGY

A

breaking bond releases useable energy

80
Q

a sequence of nucleotides of DNA that codes for one protein is?

A

a gene

81
Q

a sequence of nucleotides dictating sequence of amino acids for a protein is ?

A

genetic code

2nd lecture exam (5 decks)

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