Organic Compounds Flashcards
1- Introduction to Organic Compounds and Functional Groups
study of compounds that contain the
element carbon
Organic Chemistry
some common products of organic chemistry used in medicine
- Oral Contraceptives
- Plastic Syringes
- Antibiotics
- . Synthetic Heart Valves
formerly considered as compounds that are derived from living things
Organic Compounds
formerly considered as compounds that are impossible to synthesize
Organic Compounds
a compound known to be excreted by mammals — by
heating ammonium cyanate, an inorganic mineral.
urea
synthesized by Friedrich Wöhler
Properties
contain carbon atoms
ALL organic compounds
Properties
contain
hydrogen atoms
MOST organic compounds
Properties
What compounds are exceptions to the general rule that all organic compounds contain carbon atoms and most contain hydrogen atoms?
- carbonate
- carbide
- CO
- CO2
- cyanide
- thiocyanate
Properties
What types of bonds does carbon form with other carbon atoms?
single, double, and triple bonds
Properties
the linkage of atoms of the same element into longer chains
Catenation
Properties
How many single bonds does a carbon atom surrounded by four atoms typically form?
four single bonds
Describe the bonding of each carbon atom in ethane, specifying the number and type of bonds with hydrogen and carbon atoms.
- Each carbon atom is bonded to three hydrogen atoms and one carbon atom.
- All bonds are single bonds.
What kind of bond does a carbon atom form when surrounded by three atoms, and how many bonds does it create?
one double bond
In ethylene, describe the bonding configuration of each carbon atom, including the number and type of bonds with hydrogen and carbon atoms.
- Each carbon atom is surrounded by three atoms—two hydrogens and one carbon.
- Each carbon forms a single bond with each hydrogen atom and a double bond with the carbon atom.
What kind of bond does a carbon atom form when surrounded by two atoms, and how many bonds does it create?
one triple bond
In acetylene, describe the bonding configuration of each carbon atom, including the number and type of bonds with hydrogen and carbon atoms.
- Each carbon atom is surrounded by two atoms—one hydrogen and one carbon.
- Each carbon forms a single bond to hydrogen and a triple bond to carbon.
Properties
Describe the structure of organic compounds.
Some have chains of atoms and some have rings.
Examples: propane (chains)
cyclopropane (rings)
Properties
any atom that is not carbon or hydrogen in organic compounds
Heteroatom
most common heteroatoms
- nitrogen
- oxygen
- halogens (F, Cl, Br, and I).
forms a characteristic number of bonds,
determined by its location in the periodic table
Heteroatom
have nonbonding, lone pairs of
electrons, so that each atom is surrounded by eight electrons.
common heteroatoms
number of bonds + number of lone pairs =
4
which is equivalent to eight (octet) electrons
number of bonds: 1
number of lone pairs: 0
Hydrogen
number of bonds: 4
number of lone pairs: 0
Carbon
number of bonds: 3
number of lone pairs: 1
Nitrogen
number of bonds: 2
number of lone pairs: 2
Oxygen
number of bonds: 1
number of lone pairs: 3
Halogen (F, Cl, Br, I)
Why are there many organic compounds?
They are abundant because carbon can easily form four strong bonds, both with itself and other elements. This enables carbon atoms to combine in different ways, creating complex structures like rings and chains.
Properties
Enumerate the properties of Organic Compounds.
- covalent bonding within molecules
- generally weak forces b/w molecules
- gases, liquids, or low-melting-point solids
- often flammable
- often low solubility in water
- nonconductor
- usually slow rate of chemical reactions
Enumerate the properties of Inorganic Compounds.
- often ionic bonding within molecules
- quite strong forces b/w molecules
- usually high-melting-point solids
- usually nonflammable
- often high solubility in water
- conductor
- usually fast rate of chemical reactions
