Atomic Structure

Question 1

subatomic particles found in the dense nucleus of an atom

Answer 1

protons and neutrons

Question 2

surrounds the dense nucleus

Answer 2

electrons

Question 3

most of the mass is in the _________

Answer 3

nucleus

Question 4

most of the volume is in the _____

Answer 4

electron cloud

Question 5

indicates the total number of protons and the number of neutrons present in an atom

Answer 5

mass number

Question 6

states the number of protons present in an atom

Answer 6

atomic number

Question 7

atoms with the SAME number of protons but DIFFERENT numbers of neutrons

Answer 7

isotopes

Question 8

almost 99% of the carbon found in nature

Answer 8

12C

Question 9

the exact location of the electron
CANNOT be known; ONLY the electron density can be known

Answer 9

Quantum Mechanical Model

Question 10

the probability that the electron will be in a certain region of space (orbital) at a given instant

Answer 10

electron density

Question 11

Where do electrons move instead of circling around the nucleus in fixed orbits?

Answer 11

orbitals

Question 12

each orbital has a characteristic _ and _.

Answer 12

shape, size (energy)

Question 13

used to describe orbitals

Answer 13

Quantum Numbers

Question 14

4 quantum numbers

Answer 14

1. Principal
2. Azimuthal/Angular Momentum
3. Magnetic
4. Electron Spin

Question 15

symbol for Principal quantum number

Answer 15

n

Question 16

symbol for Azimuthal/
Angular Momentum quantum number

Answer 16

l

Question 17

symbol for Magnetic quantum number

Answer 17

m_l

Question 18

symbol for Electron Spin quantum number

Answer 18

m_s

Question 19

• indicates the main energy level or shell (size) of an electron in an atom
• represents the average distance of the electron from the nucleus

Answer 19

Principal

Question 20

determines the shape (subshell) of the orbital

Answer 20

Azimuthal/
Angular Momentum

Question 21

specifies the orientation of the orbital in space

Answer 21

Magnetic

Question 22

describes the spin (direction) of an electron within an orbital

Answer 22

Electron Spin

Question 23

values can be any positive integer and indicates the energy level or shell where electrons are located

Answer 23

Principal

Question 24

ranges from 0 to (n-1) / s, p, d, f; corresponds to different sublevels within each principal energy level

Answer 24

Azimuthal/
Angular Momentum

Question 25

ranges from **-l to +l** and defines the number of orbitals present within a sublevel

Answer 25

Magnetic

Question 26

can have one of two possible values: **+1/2** (spin up) or **-1/2** (spin down).

Answer 26

Electron Spin

Question 27

number of orbitals and electrons in s-subshell

Answer 27

one orbital, 2 electrons

Question 28

number of orbitals and electrons in p-subshell

Answer 28

three orbitals, 6 electrons

Question 29

number of orbitals and electrons in d-subshell

Answer 29

five orbitals, 10 electrons

Question 30

number of orbitals and electrons in f-subshell

Answer 30

seven orbitals, 14 electrons

Question 31

shape of s orbital

Answer 31

spherical

Question 32

shape of p orbital

Answer 32

dumbbell

Question 33

shape of four of the five d orbitals

Answer 33

cloverleaf

Question 34

shape of the fifth d orbital

Answer 34

elongated dumbbell with a doughnut around its middle

Question 35

describes where electrons are located around the nucleus of an atom

Answer 35

Electron Configuration

Question 36

describes the orbitals occupied by the atom’s electrons when they are all in the available orbitals with the lowest energy

Answer 36

Ground-state electron configuration

Question 37

* Electrons fill the lowest energy orbitals available before moving to higher energy orbitals. * This principle dictates the order in which electrons occupy atomic orbitals.

Answer 37

Aufbau Principle

Question 38

* Electrons prefer to occupy degenerate orbitals (orbitals of the same energy) singly with parallel spins before pairing up. * This maximizes the total electron spin and stabilizes the atom. | This requires single occupancy before pairing.

Answer 38

Hund’s Rule

Question 39

* No two electrons in a atom can have an identical set of four quantum numbers. * This means an orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons, and then the electrons must have opposite spins, +1/2 and -1/2.

Answer 39

Pauli Exclusion Principle

Question 40

This principle states that it is impossible to simultaneously know the exact position and momentum (or velocity) of a particle, such as an electron.

Answer 40

Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle

Question 41

electrons below the outermost shell

Answer 41

Core Electrons

Question 42

electrons in the outermost shell

Answer 42

Valence Electrons