Organic Chemitry

Question 1

Define hydrocarbon

Answer 1

Compound made from hydrogen and carbon only

Question 2

Define crude oil

Answer 2

Mixture of different length hydrocarbons

Question 3

List the alkanes

Answer 3

Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane

Question 4

Describe cracking

Answer 4

Breaking long hydrocarbons using heat and a catalyst
= make short alkanes and alkenes

Question 5

Test for alkenes

Answer 5

Bromine water
= orange to colourless

Question 6

Combustion of hydrocarbon equation

Answer 6

Hydrocarbon+oxygen= water+carbon dioxide

Question 7

Incomplete combustion equation

Answer 7

Hydrocarbon+oxygen
= water+carbon dioxide+ carbon monoxide+ carbon

Question 8

Hydrogenation equation

Answer 8

Alkene+hydrogen = alkane
( must be 60deg and use nickel catalyst)

Question 9

Hydration equation

Answer 9

Alkene+water= alcohol

Question 10

List the alcohols

Answer 10

Methanol
Ethanol
Propanol
Butanol

Question 11

Functional group of alcohol

Answer 11

OH

Question 12

Alcohol uses

Answer 12

Drinking
Solvent

Question 13

Reaction of alcohol with sodium

Answer 13

Fizzes

Question 14

Alcohol with oxygen

Answer 14

Burns

Question 15

Alcohol with water

Answer 15

Dissolves

Question 16

Uses of carboxylic acid

Answer 16

Vinegar

Question 17

Carboxylic acid and carbonates

Answer 17

Fizzes

Question 18

Carboxylic acid and alcohols

Answer 18

Esters

Question 19

Product of incomplete combustion

Answer 19

Carbon monoxide

Question 20

What are polypeptides made of

Answer 20

Amino acids

Question 21

What is dna made of

Answer 21

Nucleotides

Question 22

What are carbohydrates made of

Answer 22

Sugars

Question 23

How to prevent nucleotides being damaged

Answer 23

Two polymer chains linked together
= naturally coils
= double helix

Question 24

Elements of carbohydrates

Answer 24

Carbon
Oxygen
Hydrogen

Question 25

What are polymers made of

Answer 25

Starch Cellulose Glycogen

Question 26

What are monomers made of

Answer 26

Glucose Fructose

Question 27

What do polyesters contain

Answer 27

Dicarboxylic acid monomer Diol monomer

Question 28

Carboxylic functional group

Answer 28

COOH

Question 29

How to make carboxylic acid

Answer 29

Take alcohol and oxidise it using an oxidising agent

Question 30

Alcohol functional group

Answer 30

OH

Question 31

Properties of alcohols

Answer 31

Flammable Soluble Can be oxidised to make carboxylic acid

Question 32

Uses of a alcohols and why

Answer 32

Fuels = flammable and undergo combustion Solvents in industry = can dissolve things water can’t eg hydrocarbons and lipid compounds

Question 33

Describe catalytic cracking

Answer 33

Need high temperature and catalyst

Question 34

Describe steam cracking

Answer 34

High temperature and steam

Question 35

What are NPK fertilisers

Answer 35

Formulation of different salts that contain the required elements in the percentages needed by plants

Question 36

Describe the compounds of nitrogen in NPK fertilisers

Answer 36

Main compound is ammonium nitrate Make ammonia in haber process Use ammonia to make nitric acid Then react nitric acid with more ammonia to make ammonium nitrate

Question 37

Where is potassium in NPK fertilisers from

Answer 37

From salts potassium chloride or potassium sulfate mined from the ground Phosphate rock must be chemically processed before use in fertilisers

Question 38

Describe compounds containing phosphorus in NPK fertilisers

Answer 38

Treat phosphorus rock with nitric acid to produce phosphoric acid and calcium nitrate Phosphoric acid contains phosphorus but we can’t add it directly to plants = must neutralise it with ammonia = produces ammonium phosphate that can be used in NPK fertilisers

Question 39

Describe how to make single superphosphate in NPK fertilisers

Answer 39

Treat phosphate rock with sulfuric acid to make mixture of calcium phosphate and calcium sulfate

Question 40

Describe NPK fertilisers in school lab

Answer 40

- use dilute concentrations of ammonia and nitric acid = safer to work with - produce crystals using water bath and Bunsen burner = requires a lot of heat energy - produce small amount of ammonium nitrate in one go

Question 41

Describe NPK fertilisers in industry

Answer 41

- produced by continuous process - some of the energy for evaporation provided by exothermic reaction - ammonia is used as a gas and nitric acid is concentrated = more dangerous as reaction very exothermic