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Chemistry Paper 2 > Organic Chemitry > Flashcards

Organic Chemitry Flashcards

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1
Q

Define hydrocarbon

A

Compound made from hydrogen and carbon only

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2
Q

Define crude oil

A

Mixture of different length hydrocarbons

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3
Q

List the alkanes

A

Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane

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4
Q

Describe cracking

A

Breaking long hydrocarbons using heat and a catalyst
= make short alkanes and alkenes

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5
Q

Test for alkenes

A

Bromine water
= orange to colourless

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6
Q

Combustion of hydrocarbon equation

A

Hydrocarbon+oxygen= water+carbon dioxide

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7
Q

Incomplete combustion equation

A

Hydrocarbon+oxygen
= water+carbon dioxide+ carbon monoxide+ carbon

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8
Q

Hydrogenation equation

A

Alkene+hydrogen = alkane
( must be 60deg and use nickel catalyst)

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9
Q

Hydration equation

A

Alkene+water= alcohol

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10
Q

List the alcohols

A

Methanol
Ethanol
Propanol
Butanol

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11
Q

Functional group of alcohol

A

OH

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12
Q

Alcohol uses

A

Drinking
Solvent

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13
Q

Reaction of alcohol with sodium

A

Fizzes

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14
Q

Alcohol with oxygen

A

Burns

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15
Q

Alcohol with water

A

Dissolves

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16
Q

Uses of carboxylic acid

A

Vinegar

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17
Q

Carboxylic acid and carbonates

A

Fizzes

18
Q

Carboxylic acid and alcohols

A

Esters

19
Q

Product of incomplete combustion

A

Carbon monoxide

20
Q

What are polypeptides made of

A

Amino acids

21
Q

What is dna made of

A

Nucleotides

22
Q

What are carbohydrates made of

A

Sugars

23
Q

How to prevent nucleotides being damaged

A

Two polymer chains linked together
= naturally coils
= double helix

24
Q

Elements of carbohydrates

A

Carbon
Oxygen
Hydrogen

25
Q

What are polymers made of

A

Starch
Cellulose
Glycogen

26
Q

What are monomers made of

A

Glucose
Fructose

27
Q

What do polyesters contain

A

Dicarboxylic acid monomer
Diol monomer

28
Q

Carboxylic functional group

A

COOH

29
Q

How to make carboxylic acid

A

Take alcohol and oxidise it using an oxidising agent

30
Q

Alcohol functional group

A

OH

31
Q

Properties of alcohols

A

Flammable
Soluble
Can be oxidised to make carboxylic acid

32
Q

Uses of a alcohols and why

A

Fuels
= flammable and undergo combustion
Solvents in industry
= can dissolve things water can’t eg hydrocarbons and lipid compounds

33
Q

Describe catalytic cracking

A

Need high temperature and catalyst

34
Q

Describe steam cracking

A

High temperature and steam

35
Q

What are NPK fertilisers

A

Formulation of different salts that contain the required elements in the percentages needed by plants

36
Q

Describe the compounds of nitrogen in NPK fertilisers

A

Main compound is ammonium nitrate
Make ammonia in haber process
Use ammonia to make nitric acid
Then react nitric acid with more ammonia to make ammonium nitrate

37
Q

Where is potassium in NPK fertilisers from

A

From salts potassium chloride or potassium sulfate mined from the ground
Phosphate rock must be chemically processed before use in fertilisers

38
Q

Describe compounds containing phosphorus in NPK fertilisers

A

Treat phosphorus rock with nitric acid to produce phosphoric acid and calcium nitrate
Phosphoric acid contains phosphorus but we can’t add it directly to plants
= must neutralise it with ammonia
= produces ammonium phosphate that can be used in NPK fertilisers

39
Q

Describe how to make single superphosphate in NPK fertilisers

A

Treat phosphate rock with sulfuric acid to make mixture of calcium phosphate and calcium sulfate

40
Q

Describe NPK fertilisers in school lab

A
  • use dilute concentrations of ammonia and nitric acid
    = safer to work with
  • produce crystals using water bath and Bunsen burner
    = requires a lot of heat energy
  • produce small amount of ammonium nitrate in one go
41
Q

Describe NPK fertilisers in industry

A
  • produced by continuous process
  • some of the energy for evaporation provided by exothermic reaction
  • ammonia is used as a gas and nitric acid is concentrated
    = more dangerous as reaction very exothermic

Chemistry Paper 2 (27 decks)

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