Organic Chemisty Flashcards
Describe what is meant by simple distillation and how it is carried out.
Simple distillation is a method used to separate a liquid from a solution based on differences in boiling points.
How its carried out - Heat the solution in a distillation flask. The liquid with the lower boiling point evaporates first. The vapor passes through a condenser where it cools and condenses back into a liquid. The condensed liquid, called the distillate, is collected in a separate container.
Describe how fractional distillation can be used to separate a mixture of liquids.
Fractional distillation separates a mixture of liquids with different boiling points.
How it’s carried out - Heat the mixture in a distillation column. Components with lower boiling points vaporize first and rise through the column. As the vapor rises, it cools and condenses on trays or packing material. Each fraction is collected at different levels of the column, corresponding to their boiling points.
Describe how fractional distillation is used to separate crude oil,
Fractional distillation is used to separate crude oil into useful fractions based on boiling points.
How its carried out - Heat crude oil in a furnace. The vaporized hydrocarbons enter a fractionating column. The column is cooler at the top and hotter at the bottom. Different fractions condense at different levels depending on their boiling points. Fractions are collected and further processed or used directly.
Describe how crude oil was formed from plankton.
Crude oil was formed from the remains of ancient plankton.
How it happed - Plankton died and settled on the sea floor. Over millions of years, they were buried under layers of sediment. Heat and pressure transformed the organic material into crude oil.
Name and give the uses of the main fractions obtained from crude oil
Refinery Gases (LPG): Used as fuel for heating and cooking.
Gasoline (Petrol): Used as fuel for cars.
Kerosene: Used as jet fuel and for heating.
Diesel: Used as fuel for trucks and buses.
Heavy Fuel Oil: Used for industrial heating and power generation.
Bitumen: Used for road surfacing and roofing.
describe the trend in colour, boiling point, flammability and viscosity of the main fractions.
Colour: Fractions become darker with increasing boiling point.
Boiling Point: Increases with larger molecular size.
Flammability: Decreases with increasing boiling point.
Viscosity: Increases with increasing boiling point.
Define a hydrocarbon
A hydrocarbon is a compound made from hydrogen and carbon atoms only.
Describe crude oil
Crude oil is a mixture of different hydrocarbons and has formed of organisms that died millions of years ago
Useful Products of Crude Oil
Lubricants: Reduce friction in machinery.
Polymers: Used to make plastics.
Solvents: Used in chemical processes and manufacturing.
Fuels: used in cars and other motor vehicles
General Formula for Alkanes
The general formula for alkanes is C{n} H{2n+2} .
Explan Saturated Hydrocarbons
Saturated Hydrocarbons - molecules with only single bonds.
Naming Alkanes up to Four/Six Carbons
Methane: CH₄
Ethane: C₂H₆
Propane: C₃H₈
Butane: C₄H₁₀
Pentane: C₅H₁₂
Hexane: C₆H₁₄
Naming Organic Compounds Using IUPAC System
names organic compounds based on the number of carbon atoms in the longest continuous chain and the type of bonds between them.
Define Substitution Reactions in Organic Chemistry
Substitution Reactions - These are reactions where an atom or a group of atoms in a molecule is replaced by another atom or group of atoms.
Reactions of Alkanes with Halogens
Alkanes react with halogens in the presence of ultraviolet light in a substitution reaction.
