Organic chemistry reactions Flashcards
Alkane → Halogenoalkane
Reactants: Alkane, halogen
Products: Halogenoalkane
Conditions: UV light
Reaction: Electrophillic substitution
Alkene → Dihalogenoalkane
Reactants: Alkane, halogen
Products: Dihalogenoalkane
Conditions:
Reaction: Halogenation, electrophilic addition
Alkene → Alkane
Reactants: Alkene, hydrogen
Products: Alkane
Conditions: Heat, nickel catalyst
Reaction: Hydrogenation
Alkene → Alcohol
Reactants: Alkene, water
Products: Alcohol
Conditions: Heat, phosphoric acid catalyst
Reaction: Hydration, electrophilic addition
Alkene → Halogenoalkane
Reactants: Alkene, hydrogen halide
Products: Halogenoalkane
Conditions:
Reaction: Halogenation, electrophilic addition
Alkene → Diol
Reactants: Alkene, water
Products: Doil
Conditions: Potassium manganate VII (oxidising agent)
Reaction: Oxidation
Halogenoalkane → Alcohol
Reactants: Halogenoalkane, water
Products: Alcohol, hydrogen halide
Conditions: Warm
Reaction: Nucleophilic substitution
OR
Reactants: Halogenoalkane, potassium hydroxide
Products: Alcohol, potassium halide
Conditions: Heat under reflux
Reaction: Nucleophilic substitution
Halogenoalkane → 1o amine
Reactants: Halogenoalkane, ammonia
Products: 1o amine, hydrogen halide
Conditions: Heat in a sealed tube
Reaction: Nucleophilic substitution
Halogenoalkane → Nitrile
Reactants: Halogenoalkane, potassium cyanide
Products: Nitrile, potassium halide
Conditions: Heat under reflux
Reaction: Nucleophilic substitution
Halogenoalkane → Alkene
Reactants: Halogenoalkane, potassium hydroxide in ethanol
Products: Alkene, water, potassium halide
Conditions:
Reaction: Elimination
Primary alcohol → Chloroalkane
Reactants: 1º alcohol, PCl5
Products: Chloroalkane, POCl3, HCl
Conditions: Room temperature
Reaction: Chlorination
Tertiary alcohol → Chloroalkane
Reactants: 3º alcohol, conc. HCl
Products: Chloroalkane, water
Conditions: Room temperature
Reaction: Chlorination
Alcohol → Bromoalkane
Reactants: Alcohol, HBr (KBr and conc. H2SO4)
Products: Bromoalkane, water
Conditions:
Reaction: Bromination
Alcohol → Iodoalkane
Reactants: Alcohol, phosphorus (III) iodide (red phosphorus and iodine)
Products: Iodoalkane, H3PO3
Conditions: Heat under reflux
Reaction: Iodination
Alcohol → Alkene
Reactants: Alcohol
Products: Alkene, water
Conditions: Phosphoric acid catalyst
Reaction: Dehydration, elimination
Primary alcohol → Aldehyde
Reactants: 1º alcohol, acidified potassium dichromate VI solution (oxidising agent)
Products: Aldehyde, water
Conditions: Distill
Reaction: Oxidation
Primary alcohol → Carboxylic acid
Reactants: 1º Alcohol, acidified potassium dichromate VI solution (oxidising agent)
Products: Carboxylic acid, water
Conditions: Heat under reflux
Reaction: Oxidation
Secondary alcohol → Ketone
Reactants: 2º alcohol, acidified potassium dichromate VI solution
Products: Ketone, water
Conditions: Heat under reflux
Reaction: Oxidation
Carbonyl compound → Hydroxynitrile
Reactants: Carbonyl compound, hydrogen cyanide
Products: Hydroxynitrile
Conditions: Aqueous alkaline solution containing potassium cyanide
Reaction: Nucleophilic addition
Carboxylic acid → Primary alcohol
Reactants: Carboxylic acid, reducing agent LiAlH4
Products: Primary alcohol, water
Conditions: Solvent is dry ether
Reaction: Reduction
Carboxylic acid → Acyl chloride
Reactants: Carboxylic acid, PCl5
Products: Acyl chloride, POCl3, HCl
Conditions:
Reaction: Chlorination
Carboxylic acid → Ester
Reactants: Carboxylic acid, alcohol
Products: Ester, water
Conditions: Acid catalyst (conc. H2SO4)
Reaction: Condensation, esterification
Nitrile → Carboxylic acid
ACID
Reactants: Nitrile, water, HCl
Products: Carboxylic acid, ammonium chloride
ALKALINE
Reactants: Nitrile, water, NaOH
Products: Salt (eg. sodium ethanoate), NH2
React salt with HCl to form carboxylic acid
BOTH
Conditions: Heat under reflux
Reaction: Hydrolysis
Acyl chloride → Carboxylic acid
Reactants: Acyl chloride, water
Products: Carboxylic acid, HCl
Conditions:
Reaction: Condensation
Acyl chloride → Ester
Reactants: Acyl chloride, alcohol
Products: Ester, HCl
Conditions: Room temperature
Reaction: Condensation
Acyl chloride → Primary amide
Reactants: Acyl chloride, concentrated ammonia
Products: Amide, HCl
Conditions:
Reaction:
Acyl chloride → N-substituted (secondary) amide
Reactants: Acyl chloride, primary amine
Products: N-substituted (secondary amide), HCl
Conditions:
Reaction:
Ester → Carboxylic acid or Alcohol
ACIDIC
Reactants: Ester, water, moderately concentrated acid catalyst
Products: Carboxylic acid, alcohol
ALKALINE
Reactants: Ester, NaOH
Products: Salt, alcohol
React salt with HCl to form carboxylic acid
Reaction: Hydrolysis
Benzene → Bromobenzene
Reactants: Benzene, bromine
Products: Bromobenzene, HBr
Conditions: FeBr3 or AlCl3 catayst
Reaction: Electrophilic substitution
Benzene → Nitrobenzene
Reactants: Benzene, nitric acid, conc. H2SO4
Products: Nitrobenzene, water
Conditions: 50oC
Reaction: Electrophilic substitution
Benzene → Alkyl benzene
Reactants: Benzene, halogenoalkane
Products: Eg. Methyl benzene, HCl
Conditions: AlCl3 catalyst
Reaction: Electrophilic substitution
Benzene → Phenyl ketone
Reactants: Benzene, acyl chloride
Products: Phenyl ketone, HCl
Conditions: AlCl3 catalyst
Reaction: Electrophilic substitution
Phenol → 2,4,6-tribromophenol
Reactants: Phenol, 3 bromine
Products: 2,4,6-tribromophenol, 3 HBr
Conditions: No catalyst
Reaction: Electrophilic substitution
Nitrile → Amine
Reactants: eg. Ethanenitrile, LiAlH4
Products: 1o amine
Conditions: Mix in dry ether
Reaction: Reduction of a nitrile
Nitrobenzene → Aromatic amine
Reactants: Nitrobenzene, tin metal mixed with conc. HCl (reducing agent)
Products: Phenyl amine, 2 water
Conditions: Heat under reflux
Reaction: Reduction of nitrobenzene
Carboxylic acid → Amide
Reactants: Carboxylic acid, amine
Products: N-substituted amide, water
Conditions:
Reaction: Condensation
Halogenoalkane → 2o amine
Reactants: Halogenoalkane, 1o amine
Products: 2o amine, HCl
Conditions:
Reaction: Condensation
