Organic chemistry reactions Flashcards by Lucia Noursadeghi

Alkane → Halogenoalkane

Reactants: Alkane, halogen

Products: Halogenoalkane

Conditions: UV light

Reaction: Electrophillic substitution

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Alkene → Dihalogenoalkane

Reactants: Alkane, halogen

Products: Dihalogenoalkane

Conditions:

Reaction: Halogenation, electrophilic addition

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Alkene → Alkane

Reactants: Alkene, hydrogen

Products: Alkane

Conditions: Heat, nickel catalyst

Reaction: Hydrogenation

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Alkene → Alcohol

Reactants: Alkene, water

Products: Alcohol

Conditions: Heat, phosphoric acid catalyst

Reaction: Hydration, electrophilic addition

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Alkene → Halogenoalkane

Reactants: Alkene, hydrogen halide

Products: Halogenoalkane

Conditions:

Reaction: Halogenation, electrophilic addition

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Alkene → Diol

Reactants: Alkene, water

Products: Doil

Conditions: Potassium manganate VII (oxidising agent)

Reaction: Oxidation

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Halogenoalkane → Alcohol

Reactants: Halogenoalkane, water

Products: Alcohol, hydrogen halide

Conditions: Warm

Reaction: Nucleophilic substitution

Reactants: Halogenoalkane, potassium hydroxide

Products: Alcohol, potassium halide

Conditions: Heat under reflux

Reaction: Nucleophilic substitution

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Halogenoalkane → 1^o amine

Reactants: Halogenoalkane, ammonia

Products: 1^o amine, hydrogen halide

Conditions: Heat in a sealed tube

Reaction: Nucleophilic substitution

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Halogenoalkane → Nitrile

Reactants: Halogenoalkane, potassium cyanide

Products: Nitrile, potassium halide

Conditions: Heat under reflux

Reaction: Nucleophilic substitution

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Halogenoalkane → Alkene

Reactants: Halogenoalkane, potassium hydroxide in ethanol

Products: Alkene, water, potassium halide

Conditions:

Reaction: Elimination

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Primary alcohol → Chloroalkane

Reactants: 1º alcohol, PCl₅

Products: Chloroalkane, POCl₃, HCl

Conditions: Room temperature

Reaction: Chlorination

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Tertiary alcohol → Chloroalkane

Reactants: 3º alcohol, conc. HCl

Products: Chloroalkane, water

Conditions: Room temperature

Reaction: Chlorination

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Alcohol → Bromoalkane

Reactants: Alcohol, HBr (KBr and conc. H₂SO₄)

Products: Bromoalkane, water

Conditions:

Reaction: Bromination

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Alcohol → Iodoalkane

Reactants: Alcohol, phosphorus (III) iodide (red phosphorus and iodine)

Products: Iodoalkane, H₃PO₃

Conditions: Heat under reflux

Reaction: Iodination

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Alcohol → Alkene

Reactants: Alcohol

Products: Alkene, water

Conditions: Phosphoric acid catalyst

Reaction: Dehydration, elimination

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Primary alcohol → Aldehyde

Reactants: 1º alcohol, acidified potassium dichromate VI solution (oxidising agent)

Products: Aldehyde, water

Conditions: Distill

Reaction: Oxidation

Primary alcohol → Carboxylic acid

Reactants: 1º Alcohol, acidified potassium dichromate VI solution (oxidising agent)

Products: Carboxylic acid, water

Conditions: Heat under reflux

Reaction: Oxidation

Secondary alcohol → Ketone

Reactants: 2º alcohol, acidified potassium dichromate VI solution

Products: Ketone, water

Conditions: Heat under reflux

Reaction: Oxidation

Carbonyl compound → Hydroxynitrile

Reactants: Carbonyl compound, hydrogen cyanide

Products: Hydroxynitrile

Conditions: Aqueous alkaline solution containing potassium cyanide

Reaction: Nucleophilic addition

Carboxylic acid → Primary alcohol

Reactants: Carboxylic acid, reducing agent LiAlH₄

Products: Primary alcohol, water

Conditions: Solvent is dry ether

Reaction: Reduction

Carboxylic acid → Acyl chloride

Reactants: Carboxylic acid, PCl₅

Products: Acyl chloride, POCl₃, HCl

Conditions:

Reaction: Chlorination

Carboxylic acid → Ester

Reactants: Carboxylic acid, alcohol

Products: Ester, water

Conditions: Acid catalyst (conc. H₂SO₄)

Reaction: Condensation, esterification

Nitrile → Carboxylic acid

ACID

Reactants: Nitrile, water, HCl

Products: Carboxylic acid, ammonium chloride

ALKALINE

Reactants: Nitrile, water, NaOH

Products: Salt (eg. sodium ethanoate), NH₂

React salt with HCl to form carboxylic acid

BOTH

Conditions: Heat under reflux

Reaction: Hydrolysis

Acyl chloride → Carboxylic acid

Reactants: Acyl chloride, water

Products: Carboxylic acid, HCl

Conditions:

Reaction: Condensation

Acyl chloride → Ester

Reactants: Acyl chloride, alcohol Products: Ester, HCl Conditions: Room temperature Reaction: Condensation

Acyl chloride → Primary amide

Reactants: Acyl chloride, concentrated ammonia Products: Amide, HCl Conditions: Reaction:

Acyl chloride → N-substituted (secondary) amide

Reactants: Acyl chloride, primary amine Products: N-substituted (secondary amide), HCl Conditions: Reaction:

Ester → Carboxylic acid or Alcohol

ACIDIC Reactants: Ester, water, moderately concentrated acid catalyst Products: Carboxylic acid, alcohol ALKALINE Reactants: Ester, NaOH Products: Salt, alcohol React salt with HCl to form carboxylic acid Reaction: Hydrolysis

Benzene → Bromobenzene

Reactants: Benzene, bromine Products: Bromobenzene, HBr Conditions: FeBr₃ or AlCl₃ catayst Reaction: Electrophilic substitution

Benzene → Nitrobenzene

Reactants: Benzene, nitric acid, conc. H₂SO₄ Products: Nitrobenzene, water Conditions: 50^oC Reaction: Electrophilic substitution

Benzene → Alkyl benzene

Reactants: Benzene, halogenoalkane Products: Eg. Methyl benzene, HCl Conditions: AlCl₃ catalyst Reaction: Electrophilic substitution

Benzene → Phenyl ketone

Reactants: Benzene, acyl chloride Products: Phenyl ketone, HCl Conditions: AlCl₃catalyst Reaction: Electrophilic substitution

Phenol → 2,4,6-tribromophenol

Reactants: Phenol, 3 bromine Products: 2,4,6-tribromophenol, 3 HBr Conditions: No catalyst Reaction: Electrophilic substitution

Nitrile → Amine

Reactants: eg. Ethanenitrile, LiAlH₄ Products: 1^o amine Conditions: Mix in dry ether Reaction: Reduction of a nitrile

Nitrobenzene → Aromatic amine

Reactants: Nitrobenzene, tin metal mixed with conc. HCl (reducing agent) Products: Phenyl amine, 2 water Conditions: Heat under reflux Reaction: Reduction of nitrobenzene

Carboxylic acid → Amide

Reactants: Carboxylic acid, amine Products: N-substituted amide, water Conditions: Reaction: Condensation

Halogenoalkane → 2^o amine

Reactants: Halogenoalkane, 1^o amine Products: 2^o amine, HCl Conditions: Reaction: Condensation