Organic chemistry reactions

Question 1

Alkane → Halogenoalkane

Answer 1

Reactants: Alkane, halogen

Products: Halogenoalkane

Conditions: UV light

Reaction: Electrophillic substitution

Question 2

Alkene → Dihalogenoalkane

Answer 2

Reactants: Alkane, halogen

Products: Dihalogenoalkane

Conditions:

Reaction: Halogenation, electrophilic addition

Question 3

Alkene → Alkane

Answer 3

Reactants: Alkene, hydrogen

Products: Alkane

Conditions: Heat, nickel catalyst

Reaction: Hydrogenation

Question 4

Alkene → Alcohol

Answer 4

Reactants: Alkene, water

Products: Alcohol

Conditions: Heat, phosphoric acid catalyst

Reaction: Hydration, electrophilic addition

Question 5

Alkene → Halogenoalkane

Answer 5

Reactants: Alkene, hydrogen halide

Products: Halogenoalkane

Conditions:

Reaction: Halogenation, electrophilic addition

Question 6

Alkene → Diol

Answer 6

Reactants: Alkene, water

Products: Doil

Conditions: Potassium manganate VII (oxidising agent)

Reaction: Oxidation

Question 7

Halogenoalkane → Alcohol

Answer 7

Reactants: Halogenoalkane, water

Products: Alcohol, hydrogen halide

Conditions: Warm

Reaction: Nucleophilic substitution

OR

Reactants: Halogenoalkane, potassium hydroxide

Products: Alcohol, potassium halide

Conditions: Heat under reflux

Reaction: Nucleophilic substitution

Question 8

Halogenoalkane → 1^o amine

Answer 8

Reactants: Halogenoalkane, ammonia

Products: 1^o amine, hydrogen halide

Conditions: Heat in a sealed tube

Reaction: Nucleophilic substitution

Question 9

Halogenoalkane → Nitrile

Answer 9

Reactants: Halogenoalkane, potassium cyanide

Products: Nitrile, potassium halide

Conditions: Heat under reflux

Reaction: Nucleophilic substitution

Question 10

Halogenoalkane → Alkene

Answer 10

Reactants: Halogenoalkane, potassium hydroxide in ethanol

Products: Alkene, water, potassium halide

Conditions:

Reaction: Elimination

Question 11

Primary alcohol → Chloroalkane

Answer 11

Reactants: 1º alcohol, PCl₅

Products: Chloroalkane, POCl₃, HCl

Conditions: Room temperature

Reaction: Chlorination

Question 12

Tertiary alcohol → Chloroalkane

Answer 12

Reactants: 3º alcohol, conc. HCl

Products: Chloroalkane, water

Conditions: Room temperature

Reaction: Chlorination

Question 13

Alcohol → Bromoalkane

Answer 13

Reactants: Alcohol, HBr (KBr and conc. H₂SO₄)

Products: Bromoalkane, water

Conditions:

Reaction: Bromination

Question 14

Alcohol → Iodoalkane

Answer 14

Reactants: Alcohol, phosphorus (III) iodide (red phosphorus and iodine)

Products: Iodoalkane, H₃PO₃

Conditions: Heat under reflux

Reaction: Iodination

Question 15

Alcohol → Alkene

Answer 15

Reactants: Alcohol

Products: Alkene, water

Conditions: Phosphoric acid catalyst

Reaction: Dehydration, elimination

Question 16

Primary alcohol → Aldehyde

Answer 16

Reactants: 1º alcohol, acidified potassium dichromate VI solution (oxidising agent)

Products: Aldehyde, water

Conditions: Distill

Reaction: Oxidation

Question 17

Primary alcohol → Carboxylic acid

Answer 17

Reactants: 1º Alcohol, acidified potassium dichromate VI solution (oxidising agent)

Products: Carboxylic acid, water

Conditions: Heat under reflux

Reaction: Oxidation

Question 18

Secondary alcohol → Ketone

Answer 18

Reactants: 2º alcohol, acidified potassium dichromate VI solution

Products: Ketone, water

Conditions: Heat under reflux

Reaction: Oxidation

Question 19

Carbonyl compound → Hydroxynitrile

Answer 19

Reactants: Carbonyl compound, hydrogen cyanide

Products: Hydroxynitrile

Conditions: Aqueous alkaline solution containing potassium cyanide

Reaction: Nucleophilic addition

Question 20

Carboxylic acid → Primary alcohol

Answer 20

Reactants: Carboxylic acid, reducing agent LiAlH₄

Products: Primary alcohol, water

Conditions: Solvent is dry ether

Reaction: Reduction

Question 21

Carboxylic acid → Acyl chloride

Answer 21

Reactants: Carboxylic acid, PCl₅

Products: Acyl chloride, POCl₃, HCl

Conditions:

Reaction: Chlorination

Question 22

Carboxylic acid → Ester

Answer 22

Reactants: Carboxylic acid, alcohol

Products: Ester, water

Conditions: Acid catalyst (conc. H₂SO₄)

Reaction: Condensation, esterification

Question 23

Nitrile → Carboxylic acid

Answer 23

ACID

Reactants: Nitrile, water, HCl

Products: Carboxylic acid, ammonium chloride

ALKALINE

Reactants: Nitrile, water, NaOH

Products: Salt (eg. sodium ethanoate), NH₂

React salt with HCl to form carboxylic acid

BOTH

Conditions: Heat under reflux

Reaction: Hydrolysis

Question 24

Acyl chloride → Carboxylic acid

Answer 24

Reactants: Acyl chloride, water

Products: Carboxylic acid, HCl

Conditions:

Reaction: Condensation

Question 25

Acyl chloride → Ester

Answer 25

Reactants: Acyl chloride, alcohol Products: Ester, HCl Conditions: Room temperature Reaction: Condensation

Question 26

Acyl chloride → Primary amide

Answer 26

Reactants: Acyl chloride, concentrated ammonia Products: Amide, HCl Conditions: Reaction:

Question 27

Acyl chloride → N-substituted (secondary) amide

Answer 27

Reactants: Acyl chloride, primary amine Products: N-substituted (secondary amide), HCl Conditions: Reaction:

Question 28

Ester → Carboxylic acid or Alcohol

Answer 28

ACIDIC Reactants: Ester, water, moderately concentrated acid catalyst Products: Carboxylic acid, alcohol ALKALINE Reactants: Ester, NaOH Products: Salt, alcohol React salt with HCl to form carboxylic acid Reaction: Hydrolysis

Question 29

Benzene → Bromobenzene

Answer 29

Reactants: Benzene, bromine Products: Bromobenzene, HBr Conditions: FeBr₃ or AlCl₃ catayst Reaction: Electrophilic substitution

Question 30

Benzene → Nitrobenzene

Answer 30

Reactants: Benzene, nitric acid, conc. H₂SO₄ Products: Nitrobenzene, water Conditions: 50^oC Reaction: Electrophilic substitution

Question 31

Benzene → Alkyl benzene

Answer 31

Reactants: Benzene, halogenoalkane Products: Eg. Methyl benzene, HCl Conditions: AlCl₃ catalyst Reaction: Electrophilic substitution

Question 32

Benzene → Phenyl ketone

Answer 32

Reactants: Benzene, acyl chloride Products: Phenyl ketone, HCl Conditions: AlCl₃ catalyst Reaction: Electrophilic substitution

Question 33

Phenol → 2,4,6-tribromophenol

Answer 33

Reactants: Phenol, 3 bromine Products: 2,4,6-tribromophenol, 3 HBr Conditions: No catalyst Reaction: Electrophilic substitution

Question 34

Nitrile → Amine

Answer 34

Reactants: eg. Ethanenitrile, LiAlH₄ Products: 1^o amine Conditions: Mix in dry ether Reaction: Reduction of a nitrile

Question 35

Nitrobenzene → Aromatic amine

Answer 35

Reactants: Nitrobenzene, tin metal mixed with conc. HCl (reducing agent) Products: Phenyl amine, 2 water Conditions: Heat under reflux Reaction: Reduction of nitrobenzene

Question 36

Carboxylic acid → Amide

Answer 36

Reactants: Carboxylic acid, amine Products: N-substituted amide, water Conditions: Reaction: Condensation

Question 37

Halogenoalkane → 2^o amine

Answer 37

Reactants: Halogenoalkane, 1^o amine Products: 2^o amine, HCl Conditions: Reaction: Condensation