Organic Chemistry - Reactions

Question 1

Combustion

Answer 1

complete: produces CO2 and H2O
incomplete: produces CO and H2O

Question 2

Hydrogenation (reagent, conditions, catalyst, mechanism)

Answer 2

Reagent: H2
Conditions: Heat
Catalyst: Nickel
Mechanism: Electrophilic addition
Alkene + H2 –> Alkane,

Question 3

Photochlorination (reagent, conditions, stages)

Answer 3

Alkene –> Chloroalkene
Reagent: Cl2
Conditions: UV Light

STAGES:
1) Initiation Cl2 –> Cl(.) + Cl(.)
2) propagation CH4 + Cl(.) –> CH3(.) + HCl
CH3(.) + Cl2 –> CH3Cl(.) + HCl
3) termination Cl(.) + Cl(.) –> Cl2
CH3(.) + Cl(.) –> CH3Cl
CH3(.) + CH3(.) –> C2H6

Question 4

Hydrobromination (reagent, mechanism)

Answer 4

Reagent: HBr
Mechanism: Electrophilic addition
(Recall how to draw the mechanism)

Question 5

Polymerisation (conditions, catalyst, mechanism)

Answer 5

Conditions: 200 degrees C and 2000atm
Catalyst: Ziegler
Mechanism: addition polymerisation
(recall how to draw mechanism)

Question 6

Elimination reactions (conditions, products)

Answer 6

Conditions: NaOH in ethanol + Reflux
Products: Alkene + HBr

Question 7

Nucleophilic substitution (conditions, products)

Answer 7

Conditions: NaOH + Reflux
Halogenoalkane –> Alcohol + Halogen
(recall how to draw this)

Question 8

Fermentation (reagent, conditions)

Answer 8

Reagent: Sugar
Conditions: Yeast + 37 degrees C
e.g - C6H12O –> 2CH3CH2OH + 2CO2

Question 9

Dehydration (conditions, products)

Answer 9

Conditions: concentrated H2SO4 + warm
Alcohol –> alkene + H2O

Question 10

Oxidation of alcohols (primary and secondary)

Answer 10

Primary: alcohol + O –> aldehyde + H2O
alcohol + 2O –> carboxylic acid + H2O

Secondary: alcohol + O –> ketone + H2O

Question 11

Formation of an ester (catalyst, reactants and products)

Answer 11

Catalyst: Concentrated sulfuric acid
Alcohol + carboxylic acid –> ester + H2O