Organic Chemistry Reaction Conditions: Flashcards
Thermal cracking
1000*c - high temp
70atm - high pressure
Catalytic cracking
450*c - high temp
Slight pressure
Zeolite catalyst (lowers temp needed)
Free radical substitution of alkanes
UV light
Nucleophilic substitution of halogenoalkanes using hydroxide ions
Warm aqueous sodium hydroxide
Carried out under reflux
Nucleophilic substitution of halogenoalkanes using cyanide ions
Warm ethanolic potassium cyanide
Carried out under reflux
Nucleophilic substitution of halogenoalkanes with ammonia
Heat with excess ethanolic ammonia
Nucleophilic elimination of halogenoalkanes using hydroxide ions
Warm ethanolic sodium hydroxide
Carried out under reflux
Breakdown of CFCs
UV light
Electrophilic addition of alkenes using bromine
Aqueous bromine
Electrophilic edition of alkenes using hydrogen halides
Gaseous hydrogen halide
Electrophilic addition of alkenes using sulfuric acid
Cold concentrated sulfuric acid
Production of alcohol using alkyl hydrogen sulfates
Cold water and reflux ( hydrolysis )
Addition polymerisation
High temperature
High pressure
Catalyst
Dehydration of alcohols
Sulfuric or phosphoric acid catalyst
Hydration of alkenes
60 atm - high pressure
300*c - high temperature
Steam
Concentrated phosphoric acid catalyst
Fermentation
Anaerobic conditions - no oxygen
Yeast
Oxidation of primary alcohols to form aldehyde
Acidified potassium dichromate
Distillation
Oxidation of primary alcohols to form carboxylic acids
Acidified potassium dichromate
Reflux
Excess oxidising agent (potassium dichromate)
Oxidation of secondary alcohols to ketones
Acidified potassium dichromate
Reflux
Tollen’s reagent to test for aldehydes
Warm
Fehling’s solution to test for aldehydes
Warm
