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Chemistry > 3.3.1.1 Nomenclature > Flashcards

3.3.1.1 Nomenclature Flashcards

1
Q

What is the displayed formula?

A

The displayed formula of a compound shows all of the atoms, and all of the bonds between them.

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2
Q

What is the structural formula?

A

The structural formula shows how the atoms are arranged in a molecule using their symbols. It allows to see which functional groups are present.

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3
Q

What is a general formula?

A

The general formula is a formula which represents a homologous series, and applies to all of the molecules within it.

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4
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A homologous series is a group of organic compounds that have the same functional group and therefore chemical properties.

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5
Q

What is the skeletal formula?

A

The skeletal formula is a formula which shows the backbone of the carbon chain, and all the atoms that are not carbon or hydrogen.

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6
Q

What is the molecular formula?

A

The molecular formula is the formula which shows the actual number of atoms of each element in a compound.

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7
Q

What is the empirical formula?

A

The empirical formula is a formula which shows the simplest whole number ratio of the elements present in a molecule or compound.

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8
Q

How is the empirical formula calculated?

A

1) identify the elements present in the question
2) give the atomic mass of the elements present
3) work out the number of moles of each element
4) divide by the smallest number to find the mole ratio
5) write the empirical formula

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9
Q

What is an alkane?

A

Alkanes are saturated, straight chain hydrocarbons with single carbon-carbon bonds only.
Their general formula is CnH2n+2

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10
Q

What is an alkene?

A

Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons, as they have one or more carbon-carbon double bond.
Their general formula is CnH2n.

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11
Q

What is a halogenoalkane?

A

HALOGENOALKANES are hydrocarbon chains to which one or more halogen atoms have been attached.

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12
Q

What is organic chemistry?

A

Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon-containing compounds. Carbon forms many compounds as it can form strong covalent bonds with itself to form long chains.

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13
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A homologous series is a group of organic compounds that have the same functional group.

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14
Q

What are the 5 features of a homologous series?

A

Same functional group
Same general formula
Similar chemical properties
Adjacent members in the series differ by CH2
Gradually changing physical properties

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15
Q

What is a functional group?

A

An atom or group of atoms in an organic molecule that is responsible for the characteristic of that molecule (it is the part of the molecule that does the chemistry).

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16
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

Compounds that are made up of carbon and hydrogen only.

17
Q

What is an aliphatic compound?

A

A straight or branched chain, that also includes cyclic organic compounds that do not contain a benzene ring.

18
Q

What is nomenclature?

A

Nomenclature is the naming of an organic compound. Systematic nomenclature can be used to name organic compounds.

19
Q

What is the ‘root’ of the name?

A

The alkanes provide the basis of the system as the name indicates how many carbon atoms are in the hydrocarbon chain.
This gives the root (the number of carbon atoms in the longest chain bearing the functional group)

20
Q

What is an alkyl group?

A

An additional hydrocarbon side chain that is attached to the longest hydrocarbon chain. It is named by adding ‘yl’ to the stem, depending on the number of carbons in the side chain.
If there is more than one side chain of the same length, use di, tri and tetra.
If there are different side chains, then name them in alphabetical order.

21
Q

How is the hydrocarbon chain numbered?

A

The carbons in the hydrocarbon chain are numbered from the end that gives the lowest possible number to the principal functional group.

22
Q

What is the order of priority for the functional groups?

A

Carboxylic acid
Ester
Aldehyde
Ketone
Alcohol
Alkenes
Halogenoalkanes
Alkanes

23
Q

What are the 4 steps to name an organic compound?

A
  1. Identify the functional group and so the homologous series to give the suffix
  2. Count the number of carbon atoms in the longest hydrocarbon chain to give the root
  3. Number the carbons from the end that gives the lowest possible number to the principal functional group
  4. Identify the carbon which each functional group is on and write the same with the numbers
24
Q

what are structural isomers?

A

Structural isomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structural formula

25
Q

What are the three divisions of structural isomerism?

A

chain isomerism
positional isomerism
functional group isomerism

26
Q

what is chain isomerism?

A

when molecules have the same molecular formula but different lengths of hydrocarbon chains.

27
Q

what is positional isomerism?

A

when the structural difference between two molecules with the same molecular formula and functional group arises due to the position or the functional group

28
Q

what is functional group isomerism?

A

When molecules have the same molecular formula but a different functional group. They therefore have different chemical properties due to their different functional groups.

29
Q

What are stereoisomers?

A

Stereoisomers are compounds with the same structural formula but a different spatial arrangement

30
Q

What are the two types of stereoisomers?

A

Geometrical isomers
Optical isomers

31
Q

When do geometrical isomers occurs?

A

Occurs when to double C=C bond has restricted rotation
When an allele has 2 different functional groups attached to each end of the C=C bond

32
Q

What are the 2 different name systems for geometrical isomers?

A

E/Z isomers
Cis/trans isomers

33
Q

What are e/trans isomers?

A

When the functional groups are on different sides of the double bond (top and bottom).

34
Q

What are Z/cis isomers?

A

When the functional groups are on the same side of the double bond (both on the top or both on the bottom).

35
Q

What are the CIP rules used for?

A

E/Z isomerism to determine the order of priority when all 4 functional groups are different.

36
Q

What makes e/z and cis/trans isomers different?

A

In cis/trans isomers, at least one of the functional groups must be the same on both sides of the double bond, whereas in e/z isomers, all 4 functional groups can be different.

37
Q

What does the CIP rule state?

A

The atom with the highest atomic number on each side of the double C=C bond is used to determine whether it is an E or a Z isomers.

38
Q

How can you determine priority of functional groups in e/z isomers when compounds are attached?

A

If there are compounds attached to the C=C bond, establish priority from the singular atom that the C is attached to.
If they are the same, move to the next atom that is different in the chain.

Chemistry (13 decks)

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