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Y12 Chem > Organic Chemistry Pt 2 > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Pt 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Polymerisation definition

A

The process of producing long chain molecules from small molecules

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2
Q

Addition polymerisation definition

A

How monomers can join together to form very long chain molecules called polymers

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3
Q

Properties of polythene

A

Light, flexible and resistant to attack by acids and alkalis

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4
Q

Uses of polythene

A

Cling film, plastic bags, bottles

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5
Q

Properties of PVC

A

tough, durable, waterproof and good insulator

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6
Q

Uses of PVC

A

Electric cables, guttering, drain pipes

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7
Q

Name four benefits of plastics

A

Less dense than other materials
Resistant to chemicals and water
Excellent insulation properties
Extremely long lasting

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8
Q

Name the monomer that is used to make polythene

A

Ethene

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9
Q

What type of reaction is used to make polythene

A

Addition polymerisation

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10
Q

Give the molecular formula and structural formula of propene

A

C3H6

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11
Q

Write a symbol equation to show how PVC is made from vinyl chloride

A

See sheet

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12
Q

Advantages of landfill

A

Local treatment so less transport is needed

Landscape can be re-landscaped after use

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13
Q

Disadvantages of landfill (2)

A

Wastes land

Polluting gases released

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14
Q

Advantages of incineration (2)

A
  • less waste going to landfill

- heat energy can generate electricity

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15
Q

Disadvantages of incineration

A
  • ash residue is toxic

- polluting gases are released

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16
Q

What are biodegradable plastics made from

A

Maize starch

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17
Q

Explain the term non-biodegradable

A

Materials that cannot be broken down by microbes

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18
Q

Give three ways that councils are promoting the recycling of plastics

A
  • imposed on household to pay for dumping plastics
  • councils run information sessions
  • Council provides collection points in supermarkets and provide on support kerb side recycling
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19
Q

Complete Combustion of alcohols

A
  • Burn with a clear blue flame

- Heat is released

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20
Q

Homologous series of alcohols general formula :

A

CnH2n+1OH

21
Q

Describe ethanol

A
  • A water soluble miscible liquid
22
Q

Molecular and structural formula of methanol

A

CH3OH
H
H- C - O - H
H

23
Q

Molecular formula of ethanol

A

C2H5OH
H H
H - C - C - O - H
H H

24
Q

Propan-1-ol molecular formula

A

C3H7OH
H. H. H.
H - C - C - C - O - H
H. H. H

25
Q

Propan-2-ol molecular formula

A

C3H7OH
H. OH H
H - C - C - C - H
H. H. H

26
Q

State of alcohols as room temperature

A

Liquid

27
Q

Describe the preparation of ethanol from sugars by fermentation (4)

A
  • Yeast is added to water and sugar in the absence of air
  • It is left in a warm, dry place (36 degrees) for a few days
  • Fermentation occurs giving ethanol and bubbles of carbon dioxide
  • Reaction is brought about by the enzyme zymase which is present in yeast
28
Q

What does ethene and steam produce ?

A

Ethanol

29
Q

Describe the oxidation of alcohols when exposed to air

A

By leaving ethanol in air over time it will be oxidised to ethanol acid by oxygen

30
Q

Describe the reaction of ethanol with acidified potassium dichromate solution (4)

A
  • Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) is a common oxidising agent
  • Reacting it with alcohols is carried out in a test tube with the alcohol mixed with acidified potassium dichromate solution
  • The test tube is then placed in a beaker of warm water
  • A colour change from orange to green is observed
31
Q

Structural formula of oxidised Methanol

A 
Methanoic acid 
              O
            //
H - C 
           \ 
            OH
32
Q

Structural formula of oxidised ethanol

A

Ethanoic acid

         H       O
         |       //
H - C - C 
         |        \ 
         H.       OH
33
Q

Structural formula of oxidised propan-1-ol

A

Propanoic acid

        H.     H      O
         |      |       //
H - C - C - C 
         |      |       \ 
         H.   H       OH
34
Q

recall the molecular formula of carboxylic acids and what they form

A 
- Methanoic acid HCOOH
forms methanoate salts - HCOO-
- Ethanoic acid CH3COOH
forms ethanoate salts - CH3COO-
- Propanoic acid CH3CH2COOH
forms propanoate salts - C2H5COO- 
- Butanoic acid CH3CH2CH2COOH
forms butanoate salts - C3H7COO-
35
Q

State at room temperature and pressure of the carboxylic acids

A

Liquid

36
Q

Are carboxylic acids weak?

A

carboxylic acids are weak acids as they are only partially ionised in solution

37
Q

Reaction of ethanoic acid with sodium carbonate

A

Observations - Bubbles of gas are formed, white solid disappears and a colourless solution forms
2CH3COOH + NA2CO3 —> 2CH3COONa + H2O + CO2
Only carboxylic acids will release carbon dioxide when sodium carbonate is added to a sample

38
Q

Reaction of propanoic acid with magnesium

A

Observations - Bubbles of gas produced, heat released, grey solid disappears and a colourless solution forms
2C2H5COOH + Mg —> (C2H5COO)2Mg + H2

39
Q

Reaction of butanoic acid with sodium hydroxide

A

Observations - Heat is released and solution remains colourless
CH3CH2CH2COOH + NaOH —> C3H7COONa + H2O

40
Q

How is combustion of fuels a major source of atmospheric pollution (3)

A

• combustion of hydrocarbons producing carbon dioxide, which leads to the greenhouse effect causing sea level rises, flooding and climate change;
• incomplete combustion producing carbon monoxide (toxic) and soot (carbon particles), which cause lung damage
• presence of sulfur impurities in fuels, which leads to
acid rain damaging buildings, destroying vegetation and killing fish

41
Q

Reactions of Alkanes, alkenes, alcohols and carboxylic acids when warmed with acidified potassium dichromate solution

A

Alkane - Solution remains orange
Alkene- Solution remains orange
Alcohol - Solution changes from orange to green
Carboxylic acid - solution remains orange

42
Q

How is the atmospheric pollutant Sulfur dioxide produced and problems it causes (3)

A
  • Many fuels contain Sulfur impurities which burn and produce acidic Sulfur dioxide
  • Sulfur dioxide reacts with water in the atmosphere to form sulfurous acid which falls as acid rain
  • acid rain can damage buildings and vegetation
43
Q

How is soot formed and what problems it causes

A
  • Incomplete combustion of fuels

- Carbon particles pollute the air and cause lung damage

44
Q

What happens as propan-1-ol undergoes oxidation

A

Forms propanoic acid

45
Q

Distinguishing different organic families using bromine water
solid sodium carbonate
potassium dichromate

A

Alkane - N N N
Alkene - Y N N
Carboxylic acid - N Y N
Alcohol - N N Y

46
Q

How is carboxylic acid weak?

A

They have the typical reactions of an acid with metals, bases and carbonates. However they will react more slowly

47
Q

Main advantage of recycling addition polymers? (1)

A
  • Thermoplastics can be remoulded
48
Q

What process is used to obtain a concentrated solution of ethanol from the fermentation solution

A

Ethanol can be separated from yeast by fractional distillation

49
Q

Combustion of methanol

Complete and incomplete

A

2CH3OH + 3O2 —> 2CO2 + 4H2O

CH3OH + O2 —> CO + 2H2O

Y12 Chem (16 decks)

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