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Y12 Chem > Organic Chemistry Part One > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Part One Flashcards

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1
Q

What is crude oil a mixture of ?

A

Hydrocarbons

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2
Q

How is crude oil removed from the earth ?

A

By drilling

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3
Q

Explain why the hydrocarbons in crude oil can be separated

A

They have different boiling points and therefore are separated into different fractions using fractional distillation. The shorter the molecules (less carbon atoms) the lower the temperature that the fraction condenses at
The different fuels evaporate and condense at different temperatures

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4
Q

Define a hydrocarbon

A

A compound or molecule that consists of hydrogen and carbon only

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5
Q

Define renewable resources

A

They are continuously supplied by nature as they are used by the consumers,

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6
Q

Give three examples of renewable resources

A

Hydroelectric Wind, Waves And Solar energy

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7
Q

Define non-renewable resource

A

Fuels that are finite and once they are used up they cannot be replaced

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8
Q

What is fractional distillation?

A

A continual process of evaporation and condensation. The fractionating column works continuously with heated crude oil piped in at the bottom and various fractions being constantly tapped off at different levels where they condense
The bottom of the fractionating column is warmer than the top

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9
Q

Boiling range for refinery gas

A

-160 to 20 degrees

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10
Q

Uses for refinery gas (2)

A

Fuel for gas ovens and GAZ chemicals

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11
Q

Boiling range for petrol (gasoline)

A

20 to 70 degrees

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12
Q

Uses for petrol (2’

A

Fuel for vehicles and chemicals

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13
Q

Boiling range for naphtha

A

70 to 120

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14
Q

Boiling range for paraffin (kerosine)

A

120 to 170 degrees

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15
Q

Uses for paraffin (2)

A

Jet engines and paraffin for heating

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16
Q

Boiling range for diesel oils

A

170 to 230 degrees

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17
Q

Boiling range for fuel oil and lubricating oil

A

230 to 350

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18
Q

Uses for fuel oil and lubricating oil (3)

A

Fuel for ships, factories and central heating

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19
Q

Boiling range for tar (bitumen)

A

Above 350 degrees

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20
Q

Uses for tar (bitumen) (2)

A

Used to surface Roofs, waterproofing

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21
Q

Describe the three stages in petro-chemical industry (3)

A
  • First Stage of the petrochemical industry involves extracting crude oil from its source
  • it is then transported to refineries and fractional distillation separates it into different hydrocarbons
  • The hydrocarbons obtained by fractional distillation are used not only as fuels but can also be used in the manufacture of dyes, plastics, fertilisers etc
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22
Q

Name three environmental concerns for crude oil

A
  • transport of crude oil can result in spills and leakages
  • drilling for oil in the sea bed can also result in leaks
  • air pollution is caused by burning fossil fuels as carbon dioxide is produced
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23
Q

The element which all fossil fuels contain is

A

Carbon

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24
Q

Cracking definition

A

Cracking is a process that is carried out by the oil industry which involves the breakdown of larger saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes) into smaller more useful ones, some of which are unsaturated (alkenes)

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25
Q

Draw heptane being broken down into an ethene and pentane

A

Sheet

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26
Q

Name four traits of a homologous series

A
  • same general formula
  • similar chemical properties
  • gradual change in physical properties
  • differ by CH2 unit
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27
Q

What is a homologous series ?

A

A family of organic compounds that have the same general formula, show similar chemical properties, show a gradation in their physical properties and differ successfully by a CH2 group

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28
Q

Name the alkanes general formula

A

CnH2n+2

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29
Q

Methane molecules formula

A

CH4

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30
Q

Methane structural formula

A

H
H- C - H
H

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31
Q

Colour and state of methane, ethane, propane and butane at room temperature

A

Colourless gas

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32
Q

Ethane molecular formula

A

C2H6

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33
Q

Propane molecular formula

A

C3H8

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34
Q

Butane molecular formula

A

C4H10

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35
Q

What kind of bonding is present in alkanes

A

Single covalent

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36
Q

Why are alkanes less reactive organic molecules

A

They do not have a functional group

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37
Q

Why do alkanes make good fuels

A

They burn very exothermically and therefore make food fuels

38
Q

What is propane gas used for

A

Portable hair tongs

39
Q

Define combustion

A

The reaction in which a fuel reacts with oxygen producing oxides and releasing heat

40
Q

Chemical products of combustion are (2)

A

Carbon dioxide and water

41
Q

What colour will the gas be during combustion ?

A

Clear blue flame with no sooty flame

42
Q

Complete combustion word equation

A

Hydrocarbon + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water + energy

43
Q

Write the balanced symbol equation for the complete combustion of methane

A

CH4 + 202 —> CO2 + 2H20

44
Q

Incomplete combustion word equation

A

Hydrocarbon + oxygen —> carbon monoxide + water

45
Q

Give the balanced symbol equation of the incomplete combustion of methane

A

2CH4 + 3O2 —> 2CO + 4H20

46
Q

In terms of bond making and bond breaking explain why burning butane in oxygen is an exothermic reaction

A
  • Bonds are broken in the reactants, butane and oxygen. This requires energy
  • Bonds are formed in the products, carbon dioxide and water. This releases energy.
  • In this reaction more energy is given out making bonds of products water and carbon dioxide than has been put in to break bonds of reactants butane and oxygen
  • overall the reaction is exothermic
47
Q

Name the general formula of alkenes

A

CnH2n

48
Q

What kind of bonding is present in alkenes ?

A

At least one double covalent bond between two of the carbon atoms

49
Q

Alkenes are called …

A

Unsaturated hydrocarbons

50
Q

What colour of flame do alkenes burn with ?

A

Orange flame

51
Q

Molecular formula of ethene

A

C2H4

52
Q

Propene molecular formula

A

C3H6

53
Q

But-1-ene molecular formula

A

C4H8

54
Q

But-2-ene molecular formula

A

C4H8

55
Q

Colour of observation of alkanes and bromine water

A

Stays orange

56
Q

Alkenes and bromine water reaction

A

Turns from orange to colourless

57
Q

What is the addition reaction of ethene with hydrogen

A

This is called hydrogenation because hydrogen adds across the C=C double bond

58
Q

Why when ethene is hydrogenated does it become ethane ?

A

Ethene has 4 hydrogen’s and so adding another hydrogen molecule of H-H to it would make C2H6

59
Q

Conditions for hydrogenation

A

Nickel catalyst in 150 degrees

60
Q

What is the addition reaction between ethene and steam called

A

Hydration reaction

61
Q

Describe the fractions in fractional distillation

A
  • They are largely a mixture of compounds of formula CnH2n+2

- which are members of the alkane homologous series

62
Q

Uses of naphtha (2)

A

Used to manufacture chemicals and plastics

63
Q

Uses for diesel

A

Fuel for Diesel engines

64
Q

Describe combustion (5)

A
  • The chemical products are carbon dioxide and water
  • It is an oxidation reaction
  • the reaction is exothermic
  • complete combustion means burning in an excess of air, when all the carbon turns to carbon dioxide
  • Gas Burns with a clear blue flame that is clean, no-sooty flame
65
Q

Test involving combustion

A

The combustion of a hydrocarbon candle wax

66
Q

What solution is present in the test for complete combustion?

A

Limewater

67
Q

Describe incomplete combustion (4)

A
  • incomplete combustion occurs when oxygen is limited in supply
  • it produces carbon monoxide and water
  • Sometimes soot (Carbon) is also produced particularly with larger alkenes
  • the flame is smoky due to soot
68
Q

Why is carbon monoxide dangerous ?

A

It is a toxic gas that combines with haemoglobin in the blood, reducing its capacity to carry oxygen

69
Q

What is a functional group

A

A functional group is a reactive group in a molecule

70
Q

Alkenes State at room temperature

A

Colourless gas

71
Q

Why are alkenes not normally used as fuels? (2)

A
  • They are very valuable

- Can be used to make polymers or as a starting material for other chemicals

72
Q

Describe the complete combustion of alkenes

A

They will completely combust in a plentiful supply of oxygen

73
Q

Draw the functional group of alkenes

A 
R                R
   \            /
     C = C 
    /           \
R               R
74
Q

Draw the functional group of alcohols

A

R — O
\
H

75
Q

Draw the functional group of carboxylic acids

A 
O
          ||
          C
      /         \ 
    R            OH
76
Q

Why are alkanes less reactive?

A

They don’t have a functional group

77
Q

Describe the observations for the experiment to determine the presence of a C=C bond

A

Cyclohexane - Brome water stays orange

Cyclohexene - Bromine water changes from orange to colourless

78
Q

Write the formula of the product of the reaction of ethene with bromine, hydrogen and steam

A

C2H4Br

C2H

80
Q

What do conditions of fermentation of yeast, warmth (35 degrees), sugar, water and absence of O2 create?

A

Ethanol

81
Q

What happens when ethanol is oxidised and what can be produced from it? (4)

A
  • Ethanol is oxidised with acidified potassium dichromate into ethanoic acid
  • Adding Magnesium to ethanoic acid produces magnesium acetate and hydrogen (CH3COO)2Mg + H2)
  • Adding sodium hydroxide to ethanoic acid produces sodium acetate and water (CH3COONa + H2O)
  • Adding calcium carbonate to ethanoic acid produced calcium acetate, carbon dioxide and water (CH3COO)2Ca + CO2 + H2O
82
Q

How is ethanol achieved from hydrocarbons? (3)

A
  • Refining And catalytic cracking turns hydrocarbons into alkenes
  • Alkenes are hydrated with steam(H2O), phosphoric acid at 330 degrees and 70atm
  • This produces ethanol
83
Q

How is polythene achieved from hydrocarbons (2)

A
  • Refining And catalytic cracking produces alkenes

- The process of addition polymerisation joins together many molecules of ethene together to form polythene

84
Q

Reaction between ethene and steam

A

C2H4 + H2O —> C2H5OH

Ethene + steam —> ethanol

85
Q

Reaction between ethene and hydrogen

A

C2H4 + H2 —> C2H6

86
Q

Suggest why bromine mustn’t come into contact with water

A

Very toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment

87
Q

Adding bromine water to alkene

A 
H     H
        |      |
H - C - C - H 
        |      |
        Br   Br

Orange to colourless

88
Q

List all the fractions and boiling points in the fractionating column (7)

A
  • Refinery gas -160 to 20
  • Petrol (gasoline) 20-70
  • Naphtha 70-120
  • Paraffin (kerosine) 120-170
  • Diesel oils 170-230
  • Fuel oil and lubricating oil 230-350
  • Tar (bitumen) above 350
89
Q

What is the functional group of alkenes, alcohols and carboxylic acids

A

Alkenes C=C
Alcohols -OH
carboxylic acids =O
- C
\
OH

90
Q

Effect of carbon content in an organic compound

A

The higher the percentage carbon content by mass of an organic compound, the more orange the flame will which it burns in air. A lower carbon content causes the flame to be blue

91
Q

Testing products of combustion

A
  • Cool the gases and a colourless liquid will condense - Add this liquid to anhydrous Copper(ii) Sulfate, any water present will change the anhydrous Copper (ii) Sulfate from white to blue
  • bubble the gases through limewater - any CO2 present will change the limewater from colourless to milky

Y12 Chem (16 decks)

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