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Triple science > Organic chemistry (paper2) > Flashcards

Organic chemistry (paper2) Flashcards

1
Q

Name 4 products made from crude oil

A

Plastics, petrol , cosmetics and pharmaceuticals

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2
Q

Where do we find crude oil?

A

In rocks

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3
Q

Is crude oil finite or non-finite

A

Finite

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4
Q

How is crude oil formed?

A

Over millions of years from the remains of tiny sea creatures called plankton which were buried in mud

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5
Q

What is crude oil

A

A mixture of molecules called hydrocarbons

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6
Q

What is methane made up of?

A

One carbon atom covalently bonded to 4 hydrogen atoms

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7
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

Molecules made up of hydrogens and carbons only

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8
Q

Why are alkanes saturated?

A

Carbon atoms are fully bonded to hydrogen atoms(max amount of hydrogens as their can be)

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9
Q

Name the first four alkanes in order

A

.methane (one carbon atom)
.Ethane (2)
.Propane(3)
.Butane(4)

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10
Q

What is viscosity?

A

Viscosity is the thickness of the fluid (the higher the thicker)

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11
Q

What happens to the viscosity of the hydrocarbon molecule as they get bigger

A

.They get more viscous(they flow slowly)

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12
Q

What is flammability?

A

How easily a substance combusts

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13
Q

What happens to the flammability as the size of the hydrocarbon increases

A

.Flammability decreases

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14
Q

What hydrocarbon molecule is used in Bunsen

burners?

A

Methane

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15
Q

What is boiling point?

A

The temperature at which a liquid turns into a gas

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16
Q

What happens to the boiling points as the hydrocarbons get bigger

A

Boiling point increases

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17
Q

Are methane, ethane, propane and butane gases at room temperature? if so why?

A

Yes, because they have a boiling point lower than room temperature

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18
Q

Name three items which run on hydrocarbon fuels?

A

Ships cars and planes

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19
Q

What do hydrocarbon fuels release when combusted?

A

Energy

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20
Q

What happens if the oxygen is unlimited?

A

The reaction produces carbon dioxide and water (this is called complete combustion)

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21
Q

What is the equation for alkanes

A

C(N)H(2n+2)

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22
Q

Name the general formulae for a complete combustion reaction of a hydrocarbon

A

Hydrocarbon + oxygen gives carbon dioxide + water (+energy)

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23
Q

Balance this (C3H8+02 gives CO2 plus H20)

A

C3H8+502 gives 3CO2 + 4H20

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24
Q

What do we need to do to the hydrocarbons in crude oil in order for them to be useful?

A

Separate them via a technique called fractional distillation

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25
Q

Where does fractional distillation usually take place?

A

In huge fractionating columns which we usually find in oil refineries

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26
Q

Explain all the steps of the fractional distillation of crude oil

A

.First we heat the crude oil to a very high temperature causing it to boil,
All the hydrocarbons evaporate and turn into a gas
.Crude oil vapour is now fed to the fractional distillation column, column is hotter at the bottom and cooler at the top
.The hydrocarbon vapours rise up the column and condense once they reach their boiling point
.The liquid fractions are then removed
.The remaining hydrocarbons then move up the column and condense once they reach their boiling point
. Very long chain hydrocarbons are removed at the bottom of the fractionating column
. Very short chain hydrocarbons do not condense (they have very low boiling points)

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27
Q

Where are very long chain hydrocarbons with very high boiling points removed?

A

At the bottom

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28
Q

Where are short chain hydrocarbons with very low boiling points removed?

A

They do not condense, they leave the column as gases they don’t condense rise straight away, (have very low boiling points)

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29
Q

What do the fractions contain

A

Hydrocarbons with a similar number of carbon atoms

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30
Q

Give some examples of some fuels that some fractions are used as

A

Petrol and diesel (for cars)
.kerosene(used as jet fuel for planes)
. Heavy fuel oil is used to power ships
.Liquified petroleum gas (is used in camping stoves)

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31
Q

explain another thing that fractions can be used as?

A

Feedstock for the petrochemical industry

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32
Q

Explain what is meant by feedstock?

A

A chemical that is used to make other chemicals

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33
Q

. Give items which feedstock fractions are used to make?

A

.solvents
.lubricants
.Detergents
.Polymers

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34
Q

Why may we use cracking?

A

To break up long chain hydrocarbons since they are not flammable and cannot make good fuels

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35
Q

What happens in cracking

A

A long chain hydrocarbon is broken down to produce a smaller and more useful hydrocarbon and an alkene

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36
Q

What else is produced when cracking?

A

An alkene

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37
Q

What do we use in catalytic cracking

A

High temperature and a catalyst

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38
Q

What is the job of the catalyst?

A

To speed up the reaction

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39
Q

What do we use in steam cracking?

A

High temperature and steam

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40
Q

What do alkenes have?

A

A double covalent bond between two carbon atoms

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41
Q

Why are alkenes useful?

A

They can be used to make chemicals like polymers and are used as a starting material for other useful chemicals too.

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42
Q

Are alkenes more or less reactive than alkanes?

A

They are more reactive due to double bound

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43
Q

Explain the experiment in which we can test for alkenes?

A

By shaking the substance with bromine water which is orange.

If an alkene is present the bromine water turns colourless.

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44
Q

What is the general formulae for alkenes

A

C(N)H(2N)

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45
Q

Where is the covalent bond?

A

between the carbon atoms

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46
Q

Name the molecular formulae of propene

A

C3H6

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47
Q

Why are alkenes unsaturated molecules?

A

Because they have two fewer hydrogen atoms than the alkane with the same number of carbon atoms

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48
Q

Which part of the alkene is the alkene functional group and why is it that?

A

The double bond is the alkene because that determines how it reacts .

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49
Q

What is meant by a functional group?

A

The part of a molecule that determines how it reacts

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50
Q

Describe what is meant by a homologous series?

A

Where all the members of the series have the same functional group e.g.(for alkenes its the double covalent bond)

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51
Q

What does each member in the homologous series have?

A

An extra carbon atom and two extra hydrogen atoms than previous alkene

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52
Q

What happens when we combust alkenes?

A

They produce carbon dioxide and water and also produces unburnt carbon particles meaning that alkenes burn in air with a smoky flame

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53
Q

Why are unburnt carbon particles produced?

A

Due to incomplete combustion

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54
Q

What name is used to describe the reaction when an alkene reacts with hydrogen?

A

A hydrogenation reaction

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55
Q

What is required for this hydrogenation reaction?

A

A nickel catalyst and 150 degrees celcius

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56
Q

What happens in this reaction?

A

The two hydrogen atoms add across the double bond and the carbon to carbon double bond is converted to a carbon to carbon single bond converting ethene to ethane.

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57
Q

Give the general formulae for the hydrogenation of an alkene

A

Alkene + hydrogen produces Alkane

58
Q

Are alkenes a homologous series?

A

Yes

59
Q

Why do all alkenes react in the same way?

A

They all have a double covalent bond (same functional group)

60
Q

What happens when we add water too ethene in a hydration reaction

A

.We produce ethanol (an alcohol)

61
Q

Name the conditions for the hydration of ethene

A

The water has to be in the form of steam, the temperature must be at around 300 degrees Celsius and the pressure around 70 atmospheres

62
Q

What catalyst do we use?

A

Phosphoric acid

63
Q

Is the reaction reversible (hydration of ethene)

A

Yes

64
Q

What can we do with unreacted ethene and steam if the reaction is reversible?

A

We can pass them back through the catalyst to increase the yield of ethanol

65
Q

look at the freesciencelessons picture of the hydration of ethene just in case

A

nothing to say

66
Q

What happens when we react ethene with chlorine(halogen)

A

The two chlorine atoms in the chlorine molecule have been added across the double bond and the carbon to carbon double bond is now a carbon to carbon single bond and dichloroethane is formed

67
Q

What is formed when ethene reacts with bromine

A

dibromoethane

68
Q

What is formed when iodine reacts with ethene

A

diiodoeethane

69
Q

Name three uses of alcohols?

A

In fuels, solvents and in alcoholic drinks

70
Q

Are the alcohols a homologous series?

A

Yes

71
Q

What does this mean?

A

Means they all have the same functional group? e.g.(OH)

72
Q

Give the structural formulae for methanol

A

CH3OH

73
Q

Give the structural formulae for propanol

A

CH3CH2CH20H

74
Q

give one advantage of producing ethanol via the hydration of ethene

A

produces a high yield of ethanol

75
Q

Give two disadvantages of producing ethanol via hydration of ethene

A

Requires a high temperature so lots of energy and uses ethene from crude oil which is a non-renewable source

76
Q

Name another way we can produce ethanol?

A

Via fermentation

77
Q

Describe the process of fermentation

A

In fermentation we start with a sugar solution such as glucose and mix this with yeast, the yeast converts the sugar solution to a solution of ethanol, Carbon dioxide gas is also produced.

78
Q

Name two conditions for fermentation

A

Temperature of around 30 degrees Celsius, reaction must take place in anaerobic conditions (without oxygen)

79
Q

Give two advantages of producing ethanol via fermentation

A

. Low temperature (does not require lots of energy)

. The sugar from this reaction comes from plants and therefore is renewable

80
Q

Give a disadvantage of producing ethanol via fermentation

A

A aqueous solution of ethanol is produced ethanol dissolved in water so we have to distillate the solution to purify the ethanol and that requires energy

81
Q

Are alcohols soluble in water? what do they from when reacted with water

A

They from neutral solutions and yes they are soluble in water

82
Q

What decreases as the number of carbon atoms increases

A

solubility

83
Q

What do we see when ethanol is reacted with sodium?

A

We see bubbles of hydrogen gas being produced

84
Q

What product is made when ethanol and sodium react?

A

Sodium ethoxide plus hydrogen

85
Q

What does propane and sodium give when reacted together?

A

Sodium propoxide plus hydrogen

86
Q

What does sodium and butane produce?

A

Sodium butoxide plus hydrogen

87
Q

Give a good example of an oxidising agent?

A

Acidified potassium dichromate

88
Q

What do alcohols produce when reacted with an oxidising agent?

A

They produce a carboxylic acid plus water

89
Q

What does methanol give when reacted with an oxidising agent?

A

Methanoic acid plus water

90
Q

What does propanol and butanol give when reacted with an oxidising agent?

A

butanoic acid plus water

. Propanoic acid plus water

91
Q

What is produced when combusting a alcohol

A

Carbon dioxide plus water, energy is also released

92
Q

LOOk at diagrams freescincenlessons for carboxylic acids and more before

A

nothing to say

93
Q

Are the carboxylic acids a homolgous series

A

Yes they all have the same functional group(COOH)

94
Q

Give the structural formulae for Methanoic acid and and propanoic acid.

A

HCOOH

CH3CH2COOH

95
Q

What are carboxylic acids in water?

A

They are weak acids

96
Q

What happens when when ethanoic acid is in solution

What type of reaction?

A

It ionises to form ethanoate ion and hydrogen plus ions in a reversible reaction

97
Q

Why are carboxylic acids weak acids?

A

They only partially ionise in aqueous solution

98
Q

So they have a higher PH than strong acids e.g. hydrochloric acid

A

cba read the question its an info grab

99
Q

What is the general formulae when a carboxylic acid reacts with a carbonate

A

we get a salt a carbon dioxide gas and water

100
Q

What do we get when propanoic acid reacts with potassium carbonate

A

We get potassium propanoate plus carbon dioxide plus water

101
Q

Is potassium propanoate a salt?

A

Yes

102
Q

What do we produce when we react a carboxylic acid with an alcohol

A

we make an ester plus water

103
Q

Where are esters used

A

In foods as they have a pleasant smell

104
Q

What is the genera formulae for an alcohol and a carboxylic acid reacting together

A

they form ester plus water

105
Q

what does ethanoic acid plus ethanol give

A

Ethyl ethanoate plus water

106
Q

What is required for this reaction?

A

Sulfuric acid as a catalyst, this is a reversible reaction

107
Q

Name three uses of polymers?

A

Plastic cups, plastic bottles and also shavers

108
Q

How are polymers made?

A

By joining together thousands of small identical molecules, known as monomers

109
Q

What are the monomers in addition polymers?

A

They are alkenes

110
Q

Give a difference between the monomer and the addition polymer?

A

There is no double covalent bond between the two carbon atoms in the polymer however there is in the monomer

111
Q

If the monomer is ethene what do we make?

A

Poly(ethene)

112
Q

What does the word poly mean?

A

Many

113
Q

How do we work out the repeating unit?

A

By getting two carbon atoms next to each other and drawing these out and the hydrogen atoms attached we then put brackets around going through the bond them and put an n in the bottom right corner

114
Q

What does the n after the brackets tell us?

A

That the polymer consists of a large number of repeating units

115
Q

Why does the repeating unit have the same number of atoms as the monomer?

A

Because there is nothing else formed in the reaction and everything in the monomer ends up in the polymer

116
Q

Does the repeating unit have a double bond?

A

No

117
Q

What are condensation polymers made up of?

A

Monomers too

118
Q

Are the monomers in condensation polymers alkenes

A

No

119
Q

What happens when these monomers react(condensation polymers)

A

Small molecules such as water are lost

120
Q

Are all the monomers the same in condensation polymers?

A

No, we start with two different monomers. Each monomer has two of the same functional group

121
Q

What can we do instead of draw the full structure of them monomers?

A

Put a box in the middle representing carbon chains and only show the functional groups

122
Q

What condition do we need for to make water?

A

An OH and a H

123
Q

What is the structure of glycine

A

H2NCH2COOH

124
Q

How many functional groups are there in glycine and name them

A

2,Amine group and carboxylic acid group

125
Q

Describe the amino functional group

A

A nitrogen atom covalently bonded with two hydrogen atoms

126
Q

Give an example of an amino acid

A

Glycine

127
Q

Why can amino acids react to form a condensation polymer?

A

They have two functional groups

128
Q

Watch free science lessons on amino acids

A

dkjb

129
Q

Why do we call the polymer made up of glycine a polypeptide?

A

It is only made up of one type of amino aicd

130
Q

Do all amino acids have two functional gorups?

A

Yes

131
Q

What polymer is made up of amino acid monomers?

A

Protein

132
Q

What are long chain polypeptides known as?

A

Proteins

133
Q

Name a natural occuring poymer?

A

Protein

134
Q

Where is DNA found

A

in almost all living organisms animals plants bacteria fungi including some viruses

135
Q

What do some viruses have instead of DNA

A

A related molecule

136
Q

What does DNA do?

A

Decodes the genetic instructions that living organisms need to develop and to function

137
Q

What does DNA contain?

A

Two polymer chains made from monomers called nucleotides

138
Q

Name the four different types of nucleotide monomers

A

GATC

139
Q

What do the two polymer chains in DNA do?

A

wrap around each other to form a double helix

140
Q

What is starch and cellulose polymers of

A

glucose arranged in a slightly different way

Triple science (6 decks)

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