Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Chemistry > Organic Chemistry (Paper 2) > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry (Paper 2) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the mnemonic for remembering the first 4 alkanes?

A

Mice
Eat
Peanut
Butter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the first 4 alkanes?

A

Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define viscous

A

something with a thick, sticky consistency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define volatile

A

vapourises easily

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How does the length of a hydrocarbon affect viscosity, volatility and flammability?

A

the shorter the hydrocarbon:

  • less viscous
  • more volatile
  • more flammable
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What happens in the complete combustion of hydrocarbons?

A

releases lots of energy - makes good fuels

produces only CO2 and H2O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does the complete combustion of hydrocarbons require?

A

lots of oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why are shorter hydrocarbons more volatile?

A

because they’re shorter molecules and therefore have weaker intermolecular forces so less energy is needed to break the intermolecular bonds and it therefore has a lower boiling point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How is crude oil formed?

A
  • plankton die and sink to the bottom of the ocean
  • covered in silt and sand
  • over millions of years, pressure temperature and time turn them into crude oil
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Where is crude oil found?

A

oil deposits under rock in the ocean

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the possible products of the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons?

A

H20 + CO + C + CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define carbon particulate

A

When carbon is given off as a product on its own (C)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Explain the process of fractional distillation

A
  • crude oil heated until hydrocarbons vapourised
  • gas transferred into fractionating column
  • hydrocarbons with highest boiling points condense at the bottom
  • as gas moves up column, hydrocarbons condense at different points depending on volatility
  • hydrocarbons with lowest boiling points condense or escape as gas at the top of column
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the two methods for cracking?

A

passing over hot steam while increasing temp to very high temperatures
passing over a catalyst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Name a catalyst used in cracking

A

aluminum oxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the purpose of fractional distillation?

A

to separate crude oil into groups of hydrocarbons with similar lengths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are hydrocarbons with the highest boiling points used for?

A

Tar or heavy fuel oil (eg heating oil, fuel oil or lubricating oil)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the approximate number of carbons in the longest hydrocarbons?

A

40

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are hydrocarbons with approximately 20 carbon atoms used for?

A

diesel oil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are hydrocarbons with approximately 15 carbons atoms used for?

A

kerosene (fuel for planes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are hydrocarbons with approximately 8 carbons atoms used for?

A

petrol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are hydrocarbons with approximately 3 carbons atoms used for?

A

LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which alkanes does LPG mostly contain?

A

Propane and butane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does the petrochemical industry use hydrocarbons for?

A

a feedstock to make new compounds or use in:

  • polymers
  • solvents
  • lubricants
  • detergents
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Define thermal decomposition and give an example
breaking down molecules using heat | cracking
26
Define alkenes
Hydrocarbons with a double bond between 2 of the carbon atoms
27
What is the difference between alkenes and alkanes?
Alkanes are saturated, alkenes are unsaturated
28
What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated substances?
Saturated have only single covalent bonds but unsaturated have some double covalent bonds
29
Why are alkenes more reactive than alkanes?
the double bond between 2 of the carbon atoms can open up, allowing the molecule to bond to 2 other atoms (halogens or hydrogen)
30
What are the first 4 alkenes?
Ethene, Propene, Butene, Pentene
31
Why can't methene exist?
There's only one carbon atom and alkenes have double bonds between 2 carbon atoms
32
What does incomplete combustion result in?
A smoky yellow flame and less energy released than complete combustion
33
What is the addition of hydrogen to an alkene called?
Hydrogenation
34
When does hydrogenation occur?
When a catalyst is present
35
What is produced when bromine reacts with an alkene?
dibromoalkane
36
What is produced when chlorine reacts with an alkene?
Dichloroalkane
37
What is produced when iodine reacts with an alkene?
Diiodoalkane
38
What do alkenes react with to form alcohols?
steam
39
What is a test for alkenes?
mixing with bromine water - it turns the red / brown mixture colourless
40
What is the process that polymers are made in called?
polymerisation
41
What are 3 examples of polymers?
- plastics (the monomers are usually alkanes) - proteins - DNA
42
Define organic
a substance made with carbon in it
43
In alkenes, where must the double bond be?
between two carbon atoms
44
What is the general formula for alcohols?
Cn H2n+1 OH
45
What is the functional group for alcohols?
OH
46
Define a homologous series
A series of compounds with the same functional group eg alkenes / alkanes / alcohols
47
What are 2 uses of alcohols?
fuels | solvents
48
What is an example of an alcoholic reaction?
- react with oxygen to produce a carboxylic acid
49
What are two ways that ethanol is produced?
- fermentation | - reacting steam with ethene
50
What is the equation for fermentation?
glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide
51
What is the industrial process of making ethanol?
- vapourise ethene and water - pass gases through a tube lined with a catalyst (eg phosphoric acid) and condense it - extract any leftover ethene using condensation - extract ethanol using distillation
52
What is the functional group for carboxylic acids?
COOH
53
What does the name of a carboxylic acid always end in?
anoic acid (eg ethanoic acid)
54
What is the formula for ethanoic acid?
CH3COOH
55
What is the formula for methanoic acid?
HCOOH
56
Why aren't alkenes used as fuels?
when they burn in air they don't combust completely and they produce a smoky flame
57
What is the equation for the formation of esters?
alcohol + carboxylic acid -> ester + water
58
What is used as a catalyst in the formation of esters?
an acid catalyst
59
Name the ester produced from ethanol and ethanoic acid
ethyl ethanoate
60
What is the formula for methanoic acid?
HCOOH
61
What is the formula for butanoic acid?
C3H7COOH
62
What is produced when a carboxylic acid reacts with carbonates?
a salt, water and carbon dioxide
63
What is produced when ethanoic acid reacts with sodium carbonate?
sodium ethanoate + water + carbon dioxide
64
What is the functional group for esters?
COO
65
Define condensation polymerisation
When monomers with different functional groups react together and bonds form between them, forming polymer chains
66
What happens with each new bond formed in condensation polymerisation?
a small molecule (eg water) is lost
67
By what process are polyesters formed?
condensation polymerisation
68
What is the difference between additional polymerisation and condensation polymerisation in terms of monomers?
addition - only one monomer with a C=C bond | condensation - two monomer types the same functional groups OR one monomer type with different functional groups
69
What is the difference between additional polymerisation and condensation polymerisation in terms of the number of products formed?
addition - only one product | condensation - two types of product (polymer and a small molecule)
70
What is the difference between additional polymerisation and condensation polymerisation in terms of functional groups?
addition - C=C double bond in monomer | condensation - two reactive groups on each molecule

Chemistry (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions