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Chemistry > Organic Chemistry (Paper 2) > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry (Paper 2) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the mnemonic for remembering the first 4 alkanes?

A

Mice
Eat
Peanut
Butter

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2
Q

What are the first 4 alkanes?

A

Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane

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3
Q

Define viscous

A

something with a thick, sticky consistency

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4
Q

Define volatile

A

vapourises easily

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5
Q

How does the length of a hydrocarbon affect viscosity, volatility and flammability?

A

the shorter the hydrocarbon:

  • less viscous
  • more volatile
  • more flammable
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6
Q

What happens in the complete combustion of hydrocarbons?

A

releases lots of energy - makes good fuels

produces only CO2 and H2O

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7
Q

What does the complete combustion of hydrocarbons require?

A

lots of oxygen

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8
Q

Why are shorter hydrocarbons more volatile?

A

because they’re shorter molecules and therefore have weaker intermolecular forces so less energy is needed to break the intermolecular bonds and it therefore has a lower boiling point

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9
Q

How is crude oil formed?

A
  • plankton die and sink to the bottom of the ocean
  • covered in silt and sand
  • over millions of years, pressure temperature and time turn them into crude oil
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10
Q

Where is crude oil found?

A

oil deposits under rock in the ocean

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11
Q

What are the possible products of the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons?

A

H20 + CO + C + CO2

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12
Q

Define carbon particulate

A

When carbon is given off as a product on its own (C)

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13
Q

Explain the process of fractional distillation

A
  • crude oil heated until hydrocarbons vapourised
  • gas transferred into fractionating column
  • hydrocarbons with highest boiling points condense at the bottom
  • as gas moves up column, hydrocarbons condense at different points depending on volatility
  • hydrocarbons with lowest boiling points condense or escape as gas at the top of column
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14
Q

What are the two methods for cracking?

A

passing over hot steam while increasing temp to very high temperatures
passing over a catalyst

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15
Q

Name a catalyst used in cracking

A

aluminum oxide

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16
Q

What is the purpose of fractional distillation?

A

to separate crude oil into groups of hydrocarbons with similar lengths

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17
Q

What are hydrocarbons with the highest boiling points used for?

A

Tar or heavy fuel oil (eg heating oil, fuel oil or lubricating oil)

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18
Q

What is the approximate number of carbons in the longest hydrocarbons?

A

40

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19
Q

What are hydrocarbons with approximately 20 carbon atoms used for?

A

diesel oil

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20
Q

What are hydrocarbons with approximately 15 carbons atoms used for?

A

kerosene (fuel for planes)

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21
Q

What are hydrocarbons with approximately 8 carbons atoms used for?

A

petrol

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22
Q

What are hydrocarbons with approximately 3 carbons atoms used for?

A

LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas)

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23
Q

Which alkanes does LPG mostly contain?

A

Propane and butane

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24
Q

What does the petrochemical industry use hydrocarbons for?

A

a feedstock to make new compounds or use in:

  • polymers
  • solvents
  • lubricants
  • detergents
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25
Q

Define thermal decomposition and give an example

A

breaking down molecules using heat

cracking

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26
Q

Define alkenes

A

Hydrocarbons with a double bond between 2 of the carbon atoms

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27
Q

What is the difference between alkenes and alkanes?

A

Alkanes are saturated, alkenes are unsaturated

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28
Q

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated substances?

A

Saturated have only single covalent bonds but unsaturated have some double covalent bonds

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29
Q

Why are alkenes more reactive than alkanes?

A

the double bond between 2 of the carbon atoms can open up, allowing the molecule to bond to 2 other atoms (halogens or hydrogen)

30
Q

What are the first 4 alkenes?

A

Ethene, Propene, Butene, Pentene

31
Q

Why can’t methene exist?

A

There’s only one carbon atom and alkenes have double bonds between 2 carbon atoms

32
Q

What does incomplete combustion result in?

A

A smoky yellow flame and less energy released than complete combustion

33
Q

What is the addition of hydrogen to an alkene called?

A

Hydrogenation

34
Q

When does hydrogenation occur?

A

When a catalyst is present

35
Q

What is produced when bromine reacts with an alkene?

A

dibromoalkane

36
Q

What is produced when chlorine reacts with an alkene?

A

Dichloroalkane

37
Q

What is produced when iodine reacts with an alkene?

A

Diiodoalkane

38
Q

What do alkenes react with to form alcohols?

A

steam

39
Q

What is a test for alkenes?

A

mixing with bromine water - it turns the red / brown mixture colourless

40
Q

What is the process that polymers are made in called?

A

polymerisation

41
Q

What are 3 examples of polymers?

A
  • plastics (the monomers are usually alkanes)
  • proteins
  • DNA
42
Q

Define organic

A

a substance made with carbon in it

43
Q

In alkenes, where must the double bond be?

A

between two carbon atoms

44
Q

What is the general formula for alcohols?

A

Cn H2n+1 OH

45
Q

What is the functional group for alcohols?

A

OH

46
Q

Define a homologous series

A

A series of compounds with the same functional group eg alkenes / alkanes / alcohols

47
Q

What are 2 uses of alcohols?

A

fuels

solvents

48
Q

What is an example of an alcoholic reaction?

A
  • react with oxygen to produce a carboxylic acid
49
Q

What are two ways that ethanol is produced?

A
  • fermentation

- reacting steam with ethene

50
Q

What is the equation for fermentation?

A

glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide

51
Q

What is the industrial process of making ethanol?

A
  • vapourise ethene and water
  • pass gases through a tube lined with a catalyst (eg phosphoric acid) and condense it
  • extract any leftover ethene using condensation
  • extract ethanol using distillation
52
Q

What is the functional group for carboxylic acids?

A

COOH

53
Q

What does the name of a carboxylic acid always end in?

A

anoic acid (eg ethanoic acid)

54
Q

What is the formula for ethanoic acid?

A

CH3COOH

55
Q

What is the formula for methanoic acid?

A

HCOOH

56
Q

Why aren’t alkenes used as fuels?

A

when they burn in air they don’t combust completely and they produce a smoky flame

57
Q

What is the equation for the formation of esters?

A

alcohol + carboxylic acid -> ester + water

58
Q

What is used as a catalyst in the formation of esters?

A

an acid catalyst

59
Q

Name the ester produced from ethanol and ethanoic acid

A

ethyl ethanoate

60
Q

What is the formula for methanoic acid?

A

HCOOH

61
Q

What is the formula for butanoic acid?

A

C3H7COOH

62
Q

What is produced when a carboxylic acid reacts with carbonates?

A

a salt, water and carbon dioxide

63
Q

What is produced when ethanoic acid reacts with sodium carbonate?

A

sodium ethanoate + water + carbon dioxide

64
Q

What is the functional group for esters?

A

COO

65
Q

Define condensation polymerisation

A

When monomers with different functional groups react together and bonds form between them, forming polymer chains

66
Q

What happens with each new bond formed in condensation polymerisation?

A

a small molecule (eg water) is lost

67
Q

By what process are polyesters formed?

A

condensation polymerisation

68
Q

What is the difference between additional polymerisation and condensation polymerisation in terms of monomers?

A

addition - only one monomer with a C=C bond

condensation - two monomer types the same functional groups OR one monomer type with different functional groups

69
Q

What is the difference between additional polymerisation and condensation polymerisation in terms of the number of products formed?

A

addition - only one product

condensation - two types of product (polymer and a small molecule)

70
Q

What is the difference between additional polymerisation and condensation polymerisation in terms of functional groups?

A

addition - C=C double bond in monomer

condensation - two reactive groups on each molecule

Chemistry (5 decks)

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