organic chemistry - organic compounds Flashcards
what are alkenes
a homologous series of hydrocarbons. they are more reactive than alkanes. they have a double covalent bond between 2 carbon atoms in their chain. known as unsaturated hydrocarbons as they contain 2 fewer hydrogen than alkanes.
why are alkenes more reactive than alkanes
the c=c double bond can open up to become a single bond allowing the 2 carbon atoms to react with other atoms
what are the first 4 alkene atoms
ethane, propane, butane, pentane
what is the general formula for an alkene
CnH2n
what can you do to find the difference between an alkene and an alkane
add orange bromine water to them. Alkene will react and decolorize orange bromine
what is the equation for incomplete combustion of an alkene
alkene + oxygen = carbon + carbon monoxide + co2 + water
how do you tell visually that incomplete combustion has happened
Smokey yellow flame and less energy
what is a functional group
a group of atoms e.g. c=c that determine how a compound typically reacts.
what is the hydrogeneration of alkenes
hydrogen reacts with double bonded carbon and form the equivalent saturated alkane. e.g butene becomes butane . happens in the presents of a catalyst
explain forming alcohol from alkenes
ethene reacts with steam in the presents of a catalyst. The reaction mixture is passed into a condenser.
ethanol and water have a higher boiling point than ethene so they condense while ethene gas is recycled back into the condenser. the alcohol is then purified through fractional distillation .
what can lead to more than one form of alcohol being produced
the -OH group can add to either of the carbons from the C=C bond.
how does the position of the c=c bond effect the alcohol produced
if the bond is in a different place, it can affect the type produced
addition of halogens to alkenes
react together in addition reactions
the molecules formed are saturated
with the C=C carbons becoming bonded to a halogen atom
bromine and ethane react to form what
dibromoethane
butane and bromine react to form what
dibromobutane
what is addition polymerisation
when lots of small akene molecules open up their double bonds to join to form long chain molecules called polymers
what is a trait of the repeating pattern of polymers
4 groups arranged around a main chain containing 2 carbon atoms
how do you tell what a polymer is going to be called
name of alkene with poly infront
how do you draw the displayed formula of a polymer
replace the double bond of the alkene with a single bond with the bonds coming off each ends with brackets and an n.
what are alcohols
group of compounds that make up a homologous series all containing -OH functional group.
what is the general formula for an alcohol
CnH2n+1OH
what is the naming system of alcohols
replace the final e of alkane with an ol
what are the chemical formulas for the first 4 alcohols
methanol CH3OH
ethanol C2H5OH
propanol C3H7OH
butanol C4H9OH
how do u tell if something is an alcohol
name ends in ol
has OH in it
alcohols burn in the air to produce what
carbon dioxide and water
3 similarities between the first 4 alcohols are what
dissolve completely in water to form neutral solutions
they react with sodium and produce hydrogen as a product
they can be oxidised by reacting with oxygen
what is formed when an alcohol is oxidised
carboxylic acid
what in the name of a chemical compound shows something is a carboxylic acid
ends in oic
what is the main type of alcohol in drinks
ethanol
why is ethanol used in perfumes and aftershave lotions
it can mix with oils and water
what is methylated spirit
ethanol with chemicals added. used to clean paint brushes and fuel. poisonous to drink so purply blue dye is added
why is ethanol used in fuel spirit burners
burns fairly cleanly and non smelly. can also be mixed with petrol and used in cars so the more you add the less pollution is produced
what is the word equation for the fermentation of sugar
sugar = carbon dioxide + ethanol
yeast
what conditions are needed for fermentation
in solution
37 degrees
slightly acidic
anaerobic conditions
what functional group do carboxylic acids have in common
COOH with the carbon atom having a double bond with an oxygen aton and a single bond with OH
what is the displayed formula for ethanoic acid
CH3COOH when drawing carboxylic acids always do COOH at theend
carboxylic acids react with carbonates to form co2 water and a salt. what do the salts formed end in
anoate
what is a property of carboxylic acids to do with water
they dissolve in water, when they do this they ionise and release H+ ions which make the solution acidic
why are carboxylic acids weak acids
only partially ionise in water
what is the functional group of esters
COO
how are esters formed
alcohol + carboxylic acid arrow ester + water
in presents of acidic catalyst
what is condensation polymerisation
monomers that contain 2 functional groups. when they react bonds form between them making polymer chains. for each new bond a small molecule is lost like water
how are ester links formed
when dicarboxylic acid reacts with diols in a condensation reaction
what may make a chain longer in a polyester
if the functional group at the end of the ester link react in condensation reaction. when this also happens its known as condensation polymerisation and it makes a polyester
how may monomers types are there in addition polymerisation
only one which is a alkene containing a c=c bond
in condensation polymerisation you can have one monomer type as long as it has 2 different functional groups
you need 2 reactive functional groups on each mometer for condensation polymerisation
what is the difference between the number of products in addition polymerisation and condensation polymerisation
in addition one type of product is being formed ( the polymer)
in condensation a small molecules is also formed
what does an amino acid consist of
2 different functional groups - a basic amino group (NH2) and an acidic carboxyl group ( COOH )
what kind of polymers do amino acids produce
polypeptides
what is the process called by which amino acids produce polypeptides
condensation polymerisation
what are proteins
one or more long chains of polypeptides
what are 4 uses of proteins in the human body
enzymes work as cataiyst for reactions
haemoglobin
antibodies
majority of body tissue
what gives proteins different properties and shapes
the order of amino acids
what is the structure of DNA called
double helix structure
DNA is made up of 2 polymer chains called what
nucleotides which each contain a small molecule called a base
what are the initials of the 4 bases of nucleotides
A C G T
what keeps the 2 strands of nucleotides together in DNA
the bases pair up to form cross links
what do the order of the bases in DNA do
act as a code for an organisms genes
what does sugar contain
carbon oxygen hydrogen
sugars react through polymerisation reactions to form polymers such as starch and cellulose
starch is used as an form of chemical energy in plants
