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Chemistry > organic chemistry - organic compounds > Flashcards

organic chemistry - organic compounds Flashcards

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1
Q

what are alkenes

A

a homologous series of hydrocarbons. they are more reactive than alkanes. they have a double covalent bond between 2 carbon atoms in their chain. known as unsaturated hydrocarbons as they contain 2 fewer hydrogen than alkanes.

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2
Q

why are alkenes more reactive than alkanes

A

the c=c double bond can open up to become a single bond allowing the 2 carbon atoms to react with other atoms

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3
Q

what are the first 4 alkene atoms

A

ethane, propane, butane, pentane

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4
Q

what is the general formula for an alkene

A

CnH2n

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5
Q

what can you do to find the difference between an alkene and an alkane

A

add orange bromine water to them. Alkene will react and decolorize orange bromine

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6
Q

what is the equation for incomplete combustion of an alkene

A

alkene + oxygen = carbon + carbon monoxide + co2 + water

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7
Q

how do you tell visually that incomplete combustion has happened

A

Smokey yellow flame and less energy

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8
Q

what is a functional group

A

a group of atoms e.g. c=c that determine how a compound typically reacts.

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9
Q

what is the hydrogeneration of alkenes

A

hydrogen reacts with double bonded carbon and form the equivalent saturated alkane. e.g butene becomes butane . happens in the presents of a catalyst

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10
Q

explain forming alcohol from alkenes

A

ethene reacts with steam in the presents of a catalyst. The reaction mixture is passed into a condenser.
ethanol and water have a higher boiling point than ethene so they condense while ethene gas is recycled back into the condenser. the alcohol is then purified through fractional distillation .

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11
Q

what can lead to more than one form of alcohol being produced

A

the -OH group can add to either of the carbons from the C=C bond.

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12
Q

how does the position of the c=c bond effect the alcohol produced

A

if the bond is in a different place, it can affect the type produced

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13
Q

addition of halogens to alkenes

A

react together in addition reactions
the molecules formed are saturated
with the C=C carbons becoming bonded to a halogen atom

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14
Q

bromine and ethane react to form what

A

dibromoethane

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15
Q

butane and bromine react to form what

A

dibromobutane

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16
Q

what is addition polymerisation

A

when lots of small akene molecules open up their double bonds to join to form long chain molecules called polymers

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17
Q

what is a trait of the repeating pattern of polymers

A

4 groups arranged around a main chain containing 2 carbon atoms

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18
Q

how do you tell what a polymer is going to be called

A

name of alkene with poly infront

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19
Q

how do you draw the displayed formula of a polymer

A

replace the double bond of the alkene with a single bond with the bonds coming off each ends with brackets and an n.

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20
Q

what are alcohols

A

group of compounds that make up a homologous series all containing -OH functional group.

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21
Q

what is the general formula for an alcohol

A

CnH2n+1OH

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22
Q

what is the naming system of alcohols

A

replace the final e of alkane with an ol

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23
Q

what are the chemical formulas for the first 4 alcohols

A

methanol CH3OH
ethanol C2H5OH
propanol C3H7OH
butanol C4H9OH

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24
Q

how do u tell if something is an alcohol

A

name ends in ol

has OH in it

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25
Q

alcohols burn in the air to produce what

A

carbon dioxide and water

26
Q

3 similarities between the first 4 alcohols are what

A

dissolve completely in water to form neutral solutions

they react with sodium and produce hydrogen as a product

they can be oxidised by reacting with oxygen

27
Q

what is formed when an alcohol is oxidised

A

carboxylic acid

28
Q

what in the name of a chemical compound shows something is a carboxylic acid

A

ends in oic

29
Q

what is the main type of alcohol in drinks

A

ethanol

30
Q

why is ethanol used in perfumes and aftershave lotions

A

it can mix with oils and water

31
Q

what is methylated spirit

A

ethanol with chemicals added. used to clean paint brushes and fuel. poisonous to drink so purply blue dye is added

32
Q

why is ethanol used in fuel spirit burners

A

burns fairly cleanly and non smelly. can also be mixed with petrol and used in cars so the more you add the less pollution is produced

33
Q

what is the word equation for the fermentation of sugar

A

sugar = carbon dioxide + ethanol

yeast

34
Q

what conditions are needed for fermentation

A

in solution
37 degrees
slightly acidic
anaerobic conditions

35
Q

what functional group do carboxylic acids have in common

A

COOH with the carbon atom having a double bond with an oxygen aton and a single bond with OH

36
Q

what is the displayed formula for ethanoic acid

A

CH3COOH when drawing carboxylic acids always do COOH at theend

37
Q

carboxylic acids react with carbonates to form co2 water and a salt. what do the salts formed end in

A

anoate

38
Q

what is a property of carboxylic acids to do with water

A

they dissolve in water, when they do this they ionise and release H+ ions which make the solution acidic

39
Q

why are carboxylic acids weak acids

A

only partially ionise in water

40
Q

what is the functional group of esters

A

COO

41
Q

how are esters formed

A

alcohol + carboxylic acid arrow ester + water

in presents of acidic catalyst

42
Q

what is condensation polymerisation

A

monomers that contain 2 functional groups. when they react bonds form between them making polymer chains. for each new bond a small molecule is lost like water

43
Q

how are ester links formed

A

when dicarboxylic acid reacts with diols in a condensation reaction

44
Q

what may make a chain longer in a polyester

A

if the functional group at the end of the ester link react in condensation reaction. when this also happens its known as condensation polymerisation and it makes a polyester

45
Q

how may monomers types are there in addition polymerisation

A

only one which is a alkene containing a c=c bond

46
Q

in condensation polymerisation you can have one monomer type as long as it has 2 different functional groups

A

you need 2 reactive functional groups on each mometer for condensation polymerisation

47
Q

what is the difference between the number of products in addition polymerisation and condensation polymerisation

A

in addition one type of product is being formed ( the polymer)

in condensation a small molecules is also formed

48
Q

what does an amino acid consist of

A

2 different functional groups - a basic amino group (NH2) and an acidic carboxyl group ( COOH )

49
Q

what kind of polymers do amino acids produce

A

polypeptides

50
Q

what is the process called by which amino acids produce polypeptides

A

condensation polymerisation

51
Q

what are proteins

A

one or more long chains of polypeptides

52
Q

what are 4 uses of proteins in the human body

A

enzymes work as cataiyst for reactions

haemoglobin

antibodies

majority of body tissue

53
Q

what gives proteins different properties and shapes

A

the order of amino acids

54
Q

what is the structure of DNA called

A

double helix structure

55
Q

DNA is made up of 2 polymer chains called what

A

nucleotides which each contain a small molecule called a base

56
Q

what are the initials of the 4 bases of nucleotides

A

A C G T

57
Q

what keeps the 2 strands of nucleotides together in DNA

A

the bases pair up to form cross links

58
Q

what do the order of the bases in DNA do

A

act as a code for an organisms genes

59
Q

what does sugar contain

A

carbon oxygen hydrogen

60
Q

sugars react through polymerisation reactions to form polymers such as starch and cellulose

A

starch is used as an form of chemical energy in plants

Chemistry (15 decks)

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