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food science > Organic Chemistry -Hydrocarbons > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry -Hydrocarbons Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the end of the name tell you?

A

the type of compound

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2
Q

What does the beginning of the name tell you?

A

how many carbons

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3
Q

Trivial Names

A

Name that is used casually

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4
Q

IUPAC names

A

rules for names - used formally

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5
Q

Hyrdrocarbons ending

A

ane

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6
Q

General formula for hydrocarbons

A

CnH2+2

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7
Q

Formula for methane

A

CH4

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8
Q

Formula for ethane

A

C2H6

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9
Q

Formula for propane

A

C3H8

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10
Q

Do alkanes contain double or triple bonds?

A

no only single bonds

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11
Q

Formula for butane

A

C4H10

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12
Q

Straight butane

A

n-butane

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13
Q

butane with ‘backbone’

A

iso-butane

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14
Q

ipuc name for iso-butane

A

2-methylpropane

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15
Q

Pentane

A

C5H12

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16
Q

Hexane

A

C6H14

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17
Q

What is organic chemistry?

A

The study of organic compounds

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18
Q

What are the general exceptions to the carbon organic rule?

A

CO, CO2, bicarbonate and carbonates as well as cyanide salts; generally regarded as inorganic compounds

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19
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

Contain H atoms and C atoms

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20
Q

The four classes of hydrocarbons

A

alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and aromatics

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21
Q

1 Carbon atom

A

Methane CH4

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22
Q

2 Carbon Atoms

A

Ethane (C2H6)

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23
Q

3 Carbon Atoms

A

Propane (C3H8)

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24
Q

4 Carbon Atoms

A

Butane (C4H10)

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25
Q

n-butane

A

CH3CH2CH2CH3

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26
Q

Isobutane

A

CH3CHCH3 | CH3

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27
Q

5 Carbon Atoms

A

Pentane C5H12

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28
Q

6 Carbon Atoms

A

Hexane C6H14

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29
Q

7Carbon Atoms

A

Heptane C7H16

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30
Q

8 Carbon Atoms

A

Octane C8H18

31
Q

9 Carbon Atoms

A

nonane C9H20

32
Q

10 Carbon Atoms

A

Decane C10H22

33
Q

How many isomers of hexane are there?

A

4

34
Q

Isopentane

A
35
Q

Neopentane

A

C | C-C-C | C

36
Q

Alkyl Group

A

An alkyl group is an alkane without one of its H atoms

37
Q

What is the alkyl group version of Methane?

A

CH3- (Methyl)

38
Q

What is the alkyl group version of Ethane?

A

CH3-CH2- (Ethyl)

39
Q

When should you not give the number in the name?

A

If the name without a number is unambiguous e.g Methylbutane

40
Q

How reactive are alkanes, generally? and subsequent use in food?

A

Generally quite unreactive (simple akanes) - except their ready flammability - Subsequently used in foods such as coating dried fruit to stop sticking together - due to non reactivity.

41
Q

Unders special conditions, hydrogen atoms in alkanes can be replaced with which groups? (6)

A
  1. Fluoro
  2. chloro
  3. bromo
  4. iodo
  5. cyano
  6. nitro
42
Q

What are alkanes generally used as?

A

fuels (especially those with low molecular weights)

43
Q

What are the lowest weight alkanes important parts of ?

A

natural gas

44
Q

Alkanes with carbon numbers 6 - 12 are important parts of ?

A

petrol

45
Q

Alkanes with carbon numbers 12 + are important parts of

A

diesel and fuel oils

46
Q

How does an alkene differ from an alkane?

A

it contains a double bond between adjacent carbon atoms

47
Q

How many bonds do alkynes have between adjacent carbon atoms?

A

three (triple bonds)

48
Q

General formula for alkenes

A

CnH2n

49
Q

Gen. formla for alkynes

A

CnH2n-2

50
Q

Why are akenes and alkynes called unsaturated compounds?

A

Because they do not contain the maximum number of H atoms

51
Q

When to use trans or cis in alkenes?

A

trans when the functional groups are on opposite sides such as trans but-2-ene

Or cis when the functional groups are on the same side of the double bond such as cis but-2-ene

52
Q

How to name alkenes and alkynes?

A

Select the longest chain containing a multiple bond 2) alter name from ane to ene or yne 3), specify the position of the multiple bond (comes after functional group number) 4) when relevant - cis or trans

53
Q

Important common alkenes and structures

A

Ethylene (used to ripen bananas) CH2=CH2

Propylene CH2= CHCH3

54
Q

Addition reactions in alkenes?

A

Can occur accross the double bond to convert into a single bond (such as hydrogenation - increases melting point of oils)

55
Q

2 examples of addition reactions which convert into single bonds?

A

RCH=CH2 + H2O –> RCH(OH)CH3

CH2=CH2 + HCl (g) –> CH2Cl-CH3

56
Q

Iodine addition double bond conversion reaction in prac 3

A

RCH=CHR +ICl -> RCH-CHR

               |    |

                I   Cl
57
Q

Low molecular alkynes are extremely?

A

Flammable e.g ethyne used for cutting steel

58
Q

Uses of alkenes and alkynes

A

in production of polymers - polyunsaturated fatty acids are essential trace components in diet

59
Q

Aromatics

A

hydrocarbon with alternating double and single bonds between carbon atoms forming rings.

60
Q

Benzene ring structure (expanded and condensed)

A

Expanded

condensed

61
Q

toluene structure

A
62
Q

Ortho

A

two groups come off two adjacent carbons

63
Q

Meta

A

Two groups come off adjacent carbons with one separating them

64
Q

Para

A

Two groups come off two carbons with another two carbons separating them

65
Q

Name the five major benzene reactions

A

Nitration, Sulphonation, Halogenation, Alkylation, Acylation

66
Q

Nitration reaction reagents and products formed

A

Reagents: HNO3 or H2SO4

Product

67
Q

Sulphonation Reaction agent and product formed

A

H2SO4

68
Q

Halogenation reagents and product formed

A

X2 (X =Cl or Br)

Catalysts: FeX3 or AlX3

69
Q

Use of toluene

A

Starting material for production of saccarin, TNT, benzene and phenol

70
Q

Aniline, structure and use

A

Use

  1. Production of dyestuff
  2. rubber antioxidants
  3. resins
  4. sulfonamide drugs
71
Q

Phenol structure and use

A

Use:

  1. Phenolic resins from phenol and formaldehyde
  2. phenol and derivatives used widely as antiseptics e.g dettol
72
Q

Cresol structure and use

A

Use

  1. Phenolic resins
  2. preparation of plasticiser for PVC and flame retardants
  3. weed killer
73
Q

Xylenes structure and use

A

Use

  1. Polymer protection
  2. vitamin B2
  3. Pesticide production
74
Q
A

food science (11 decks)

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