Organic Chemistry -Hydrocarbons Flashcards
1
Q
What does the end of the name tell you?
A
the type of compound
2
Q
What does the beginning of the name tell you?
A
how many carbons
3
Q
Trivial Names
A
Name that is used casually
4
Q
IUPAC names
A
rules for names - used formally
5
Q
Hyrdrocarbons ending
A
ane
6
Q
General formula for hydrocarbons
A
CnH2+2
7
Q
Formula for methane
A
CH4
8
Q
Formula for ethane
A
C2H6
9
Q
Formula for propane
A
C3H8
10
Q
Do alkanes contain double or triple bonds?
A
no only single bonds
11
Q
Formula for butane
A
C4H10
12
Q
Straight butane
A
n-butane
13
Q
butane with ‘backbone’
A
iso-butane
14
Q
ipuc name for iso-butane
A
2-methylpropane
15
Q
Pentane
A
C5H12
16
Q
Hexane
A
C6H14
17
Q
What is organic chemistry?
A
The study of organic compounds
18
Q
What are the general exceptions to the carbon organic rule?
A
CO, CO2, bicarbonate and carbonates as well as cyanide salts; generally regarded as inorganic compounds
19
Q
Hydrocarbons
A
Contain H atoms and C atoms
20
Q
The four classes of hydrocarbons
A
alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and aromatics
21
Q
1 Carbon atom
A
Methane CH4
22
Q
2 Carbon Atoms
A
Ethane (C2H6)
23
Q
3 Carbon Atoms
A
Propane (C3H8)
24
Q
4 Carbon Atoms
A
Butane (C4H10)
25
n-butane
CH3CH2CH2CH3
26
Isobutane
CH3CHCH3 | CH3
27
5 Carbon Atoms
Pentane C5H12
28
6 Carbon Atoms
Hexane C6H14
29
7Carbon Atoms
Heptane C7H16
30
8 Carbon Atoms
Octane C8H18
31
9 Carbon Atoms
nonane C9H20
32
10 Carbon Atoms
Decane C10H22
33
How many isomers of hexane are there?
4
34
Isopentane
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35
Neopentane
C | C-C-C | C
36
Alkyl Group
An alkyl group is an alkane without one of its H atoms
37
What is the alkyl group version of Methane?
CH3- (Methyl)
38
What is the alkyl group version of Ethane?
CH3-CH2- (Ethyl)
39
When should you not give the number in the name?
If the name without a number is unambiguous e.g Methylbutane
40
How reactive are alkanes, generally? and subsequent use in food?
Generally quite unreactive (simple akanes) - except their ready flammability - Subsequently used in foods such as coating dried fruit to stop sticking together - due to non reactivity.
41
Unders special conditions, hydrogen atoms in alkanes can be replaced with which groups? (6)
1. Fluoro
2. chloro
3. bromo
4. iodo
5. cyano
6. nitro
42
What are alkanes generally used as?
fuels (especially those with low molecular weights)
43
What are the lowest weight alkanes important parts of ?
natural gas
44
Alkanes with carbon numbers 6 - 12 are important parts of ?
petrol
45
Alkanes with carbon numbers 12 + are important parts of
diesel and fuel oils
46
How does an alkene differ from an alkane?
it contains a double bond between adjacent carbon atoms
47
How many bonds do alkynes have between adjacent carbon atoms?
three (triple bonds)
48
General formula for alkenes
CnH2n
49
Gen. formla for alkynes
CnH2n-2
50
Why are akenes and alkynes called unsaturated compounds?
Because they do not contain the maximum number of H atoms
51
When to use trans or cis in alkenes?
trans when the functional groups are on opposite sides such as trans but-2-ene
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Or cis when the functional groups are on the same side of the double bond such as cis but-2-ene
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52
How to name alkenes and alkynes?
Select the longest chain containing a multiple bond 2) alter name from ane to ene or yne 3), specify the position of the multiple bond (comes after functional group number) 4) when relevant - cis or trans
53
Important common alkenes and structures
Ethylene (used to ripen bananas) CH2=CH2
Propylene CH2= CHCH3
54
Addition reactions in alkenes?
Can occur accross the double bond to convert into a single bond (such as hydrogenation - increases melting point of oils)
55
2 examples of addition reactions which convert into single bonds?
RCH=CH2 + H2O --\> RCH(OH)CH3
CH2=CH2 + HCl (g) --\> CH2Cl-CH3
56
Iodine addition double bond conversion reaction in prac 3
RCH=CHR +ICl -\> RCH-CHR
| |
I Cl
57
Low molecular alkynes are extremely?
Flammable e.g ethyne used for cutting steel
58
Uses of alkenes and alkynes
in production of polymers - polyunsaturated fatty acids are essential trace components in diet
59
Aromatics
hydrocarbon with alternating double and single bonds between carbon atoms forming rings.
60
Benzene ring structure (expanded and condensed)
![]()Expanded
![]() condensed
61
toluene structure
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62
Ortho
two groups come off two adjacent carbons
63
Meta
Two groups come off adjacent carbons with one separating them
64
Para
Two groups come off two carbons with another two carbons separating them
65
Name the five major benzene reactions
Nitration, Sulphonation, Halogenation, Alkylation, Acylation
66
Nitration reaction reagents and products formed
Reagents: HNO3 or H2SO4
Product
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67
Sulphonation Reaction agent and product formed
H2SO4
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68
Halogenation reagents and product formed
X2 (X =Cl or Br)
Catalysts: FeX3 or AlX3
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69
Use of toluene
Starting material for production of saccarin, TNT, benzene and phenol
70
Aniline, structure and use
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Use
1. Production of dyestuff
2. rubber antioxidants
3. resins
4. sulfonamide drugs
71
Phenol structure and use
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Use:
1. Phenolic resins from phenol and formaldehyde
2. phenol and derivatives used widely as antiseptics e.g dettol
72
Cresol structure and use
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Use
1. Phenolic resins
2. preparation of plasticiser for PVC and flame retardants
3. weed killer
73
Xylenes structure and use
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Use
1. Polymer protection
2. vitamin B2
3. Pesticide production
74
