Organic Chemistry & Functional Groups Flashcards
What are Alkanes?
Saturated hydrocarbons with single C–C bonds
General formula: CₙH₂ₙ₊₂
At what minimum number of carbons do structural isomers start for Alkanes?
4 carbons (C₄H₁₀)
Examples include butane and isobutane
What are Alkenes?
Hydrocarbons containing at least one C=C double bond
Example: Ethylene (C₂H₄)
What are Cis–Trans Isomers?
Geometric isomers possible for alkenes with different substituents on each carbon of the double bond
Also known as geometric isomers
What are Alkynes?
Hydrocarbons containing at least one C≡C triple bond
Example: Acetylene (IUPAC: Ethyne, C₂H₂)
What is a key characteristic of Aromatic Compounds?
Planar structure with sp²‐hybridized carbons and delocalized π system
Example: Benzene (C₆H₆)
What is the formula for Alcohols?
–OH
Examples include Methanol (CH₃OH) and Ethanol
What is the formula for Phenols?
Ar–OH
Example: C₆H₅OH
What is the formula for Carboxylic Acids?
–COOH
Example: Acetic acid (CH₃COOH)
What is the formula for Ketones?
R–CO–R′
Example: Acetone (Propanone, CH₃–CO–CH₃)
What is the formula for Aldehydes?
R–CHO
Example: Formaldehyde (HCHO)
What is the formula for Esters?
R–COOR′
Formed by the reaction of acid and alcohol; Example: Methyl acetate (CH₃COOCH₃)
What is the formula for Amides?
R–CONR₂
Example: Acetamide (CH₃CONH₂)
What are Amines?
Functional group with formula R–NH₂, R₂NH, R₃N
Example: Ethylamine (CH₃CH₂NH₂)
What is a Tertiary Carbon?
A carbon bonded to three other carbons
Example: Found in 2‐methylpropane
What are Constitutional (Structural) Isomers?
Compounds with the same molecular formula but different connectivity
Example: C₄H₁₀ has 2 isomers (butane & isobutane)
How many isomers does Dibromobenzene have?
3 isomers
The isomers are ortho, meta, and para
