Miscellaneous Topics Flashcards
What is the cryoscopic constant (Kf) for water?
Approximately 1.86 K kg mol⁻¹
This constant is used in calculating freezing point depression.
What is the ebullioscopic constant (Kb) for water?
Approximately 0.512 K kg mol⁻¹
This constant is used in calculating boiling point elevation.
List three properties of metals.
- Conductive
- Malleable
- Form cations
List three properties of nonmetals.
- Insulating
- Form anions
- Share electrons
What are metalloids?
Elements with intermediate properties between metals and nonmetals (e.g., Si, Sb)
Metalloids display characteristics of both metals and nonmetals.
What are the allotropes of carbon?
- Diamond (sp³, tetrahedral)
- Graphite (sp², layered)
- Fullerenes
- Nanotubes
- Amorphous carbon
Describe the Simple Cubic unit cell.
Contains 8 corners, with a total of 1 net atom per cell.
Describe the Body-Centered Cubic (BCC) unit cell.
Contains corners + 1 center, resulting in 2 net atoms.
Describe the Face-Centered Cubic (FCC) unit cell.
Contains corners + 6 face centers, resulting in 4 net atoms.
What is reverse osmosis?
A process forcing solvent through a semipermeable membrane from high to low solute concentration
This process is used to remove ions and impurities from water.
When can a molecule be considered polar?
If geometry does not cancel out bond dipoles.
Give an example of a molecule with a net dipole.
H₂O
Angular/bent shapes like H₂O often have net dipoles.
Which bond type is generally the strongest?
Triple bonds are stronger than double bonds, which are stronger than single bonds.
What is the mass of an electron?
~9.11 × 10⁻³¹ kg
What does the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle state?
You cannot simultaneously know the exact position and momentum of an electron.
What products are formed in the combustion of hydrocarbons?
CO₂ and H₂O
Example: CH₄ + 2 O₂ → CO₂ + 2 H₂O.
