Organic Chemistry (FORMULAS)

Question 1

ALIPHATIC / ACYCLIC

Answer 1

Any compound of the nine classes can fall into this category if the carbons in the compound are in an OPEN CHAIN formation. (Straight line chains of carbon atoms).

(A- means without, CYCLIC –means circle so ACYCLIC is without circle or in an open chain).

C-C-C-C

Question 2

CARBOCYCLIC

Answer 2

Any compound of the nine classes can fall into this category if the carbons in the compound are attached to each other in a Closed Chain formation rather than an open chain formation. (Rings of carbon atoms).

There has to be at least three carbon atoms in order to form a closed chain.

Question 3

HETEROCYCLIC

Answer 3

A heterocyclic compound also has its carbon atoms in a closed chain, except in this case the closed chain also contains atoms of some other element within it as well as carbon atoms.

Question 4

AROMATICS

Answer 4

subgroup of the carbocyclics, called the aromatic.

All aromatics are associated with some type of odor or smell.

An aromatic compound is any compound containing a resonance-stabilized ring such as benzene.

Resonance occurs because electrons are not fixed objects near a given atom; instead, they move around the entire molecule. (This is the reason for the circle in the center of the benzene ring.)

All aromatics stem from Benzene (C6H6), rather than a saturated hydrocarbon

Question 5

BENZENE

Answer 5

Benzene is a six carbon ring, with alternating double bonds.
Benzene is known as the aromatic nucleus or parent compound.
Benzene is the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon.

Question 6

AROMATIC RADICAL

Answer 6

The aromatics radical is represented / abbreviated as Ar instead of R.
It is known as the Aromatic Radical / Phenyl Radical / Aryl Radical (C6H5).
The aromatic radical stems from Benzene in which one of the carbons has lost a hydrogen (Whenever Benzene has a hydrogen removed the aromatic radical is formed. Notice the dash without any letter at the end on the right hand side of the structure shown below).

Question 7

Solid, Liquid & Gas of Carbons

Answer 7

less than 5 Carbons (1-4) it will be in the form of a Gas
5 - 16 Carbons will be in a Liquid state
17 or more Carbons will be a Solid

Question 8

HYDROCARBONS

definition

Answer 8

Hydrocarbons are a class of organic compounds that only contain atoms of hydrogen and carbon (thus the term hydrocarbon).
They have a general formula of R-H.
Their functional group is H.

Question 9

SATURATED HYDROCARBONS – ALKANES

Answer 9

Saturated hydrocarbons are those hydrocarbons in which the carbon atoms are attached by SINGLE BONDS.

Their general molecular formula / type formula is CnH2n+2 (where n = the number of carbon atoms)

PARAFFINS

Remember in organic chemistry, the prefix of a compounds name represents the number of carbon atoms in the compound and the suffix represents the functional group.

Question 10

PARAFFINS

Answer 10

Alkanes are not active chemically, so they are called PARAFFINS (means little or no activity).

Question 11

UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS - ALKENES

Answer 11

In order to have an alkene there must be at least two (2) carbons in the compound connected by the double bond.

The general molecular formula / type formula for the Alkenes is CnH2n.

All Alkenes have the ending or suffix of ENE.

Question 12

UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS - ALKYNES

Answer 12

The Alkyne series are unsaturated hydrocarbons because they have two (2) carbon atoms that are joined by a triple bond.
The general molecular formula / type formula for the Alkynes is CnH2n-2
All Alkynes have the ending or suffix of YNE.

Alkyne series of hydrocarbons are more reactive than the Alkane series because the triple bonds are more easily broken than the single bond.

Question 13

HALIDES

Answer 13

The halides are a class of aromatic compounds which arise from the Halogens (Chlorine, Bromine, Fluorine and Iodine).
The general formula: R-X
The functional group: X (X is used in place of Cl, Br, F and I)

Question 14

Halogenation

Answer 14

the method of replacement of a hydrogen atom by a Halogen. (You may want to review the location of the halogens on the periodic table of elements). When you remove a hydrogen atom and replace it with any halogen you are carrying out the process of halogenation.

Question 15

Alkyl Halide

Answer 15

an aliphatic hydrocarbon with one or more halogen atoms attached; an aliphatic hydrocarbon that has gone through the process of halogenation.
The alkyl halide type formula is CnH2n+ X.